scholarly journals ¿Hacen todos los niños lo mismo? Factores causales del trabajo infantil en determinados distritos del sur de Punjab, Pakistán

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Syed Zubair Haider ◽  
Ayesha Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Working Children ◽  
Working Environments ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost

<p class="AbstractText">The present study investigates the causative factors of child labour in selected districts of South Punjab, Pakistan. As member of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Pakistan has a responsibility to stamp out child labour from its regions. Our sample was selected from seven working environments (workshops, hotels, tea stalls, households, etc.) through purposive sampling. The data were collected via a questionnaire which was completed by a sample of 547 working children. The findings of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) explored four factors from the research. Multilevel analyses were calculated to pinpoint the causative factors of child labour. The study results revealed that, due to family responsibilities, a lack of educational opportunities for children from low-income families, and increasing poverty, children develop an interest in working to earn their livelihood at the cost of their education. The children are involved in labour because their parents cannot meet their personal and educational requirements.</p>

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

scholarly journals Liminality and Child Labour: Experiences of School Aged Working Children with Implications for Community Education in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Okechukwu Stephen Chukwudeh ◽  
Akpovire Oduaran
Keyword(s):  
Peer Influence ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Informal Market ◽  
Working Children ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Southwest Nigeria

Background: Liminality brings confusion among children as they cannot progress to the next stage of life, neither could they regress to their previous state of events. The situation is precarious for socioeconomic deprived children in Africa as it cast aspersion on their career, health and well-being. The study, therefore, examines the experiences’ of children who were supposed to be in school but were observed working at the informal market space in Africa. Methods: Qualitative data was collected through referral and non-discriminative snowballing. Fourty-eight participants (48-KII 2, IDI 10, FGD 6–6 person per group, total 36) from Aleshinloye and Bodija markets in Southwest Nigeria were included in the study. Results: Parental poverty, poor education facilities, peer influence, and the frequent strike by education institutions (pre-tertiary and tertiary) were implicated for the prevalence of child labour in the informal market space in Southwest Nigeria. Conclusions: The negative consequences of the liminality stage far outweigh the positive. Therefore, there is a need for conscientious efforts by community leaders, parents, and relevant stakeholders in the society to eradicate snags within the liminality of children’s education in order to curb child labour. This is necessary to achieve the sustainable development goals by 2030.

scholarly journals Dampak Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) terhadap Kesejahteraan Keluarga di Desa Padang Seurahet Kecamatan Johan Pahlawan Kabupaten Aceh Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Lia Muliana ◽  
Mursyidin Mursyidin ◽  
Muharriyanti Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Family ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a conditional cash transfer program for low-income families. The requirement is to be actively involved in education and health. The Family Hope Program in Indonesia was implemented in 2007 to alleviate poverty and prosper low-income families. The research and writing of this journal aim to determine the impact of PKH on family welfare and see if there is a reduction in poverty after the government realizes the Family Hope Program. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The study results indicate that the impact of PKH on beneficiary families, including the cash provided, can meet consumption or family needs and help the economy of PKH recipient families. The implementation of the program can reduce poverty in Aceh. The percentage of the poverty rate fell to 0.02%. The limitation of the research is the impact of PKH on family welfare and wants to examine whether there is a decrease in the percentage of poverty in Aceh or Aceh Barat. The practical implication of this research is to provide information to the government that PKH can improve the welfare of low-income families. The social significance is to give the government and the general public that the implementation of social assistance programs, one of which is the Family Hope Program, can reduce poverty rates in Aceh or West Aceh. The originality of the research is supported by previous research related to the author’s research study.

‘The Pragmatist’s Solution to Poverty’

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Peter Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
British Government ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
System P ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Negative Income Tax

The ‘rediscovery of poverty’ prompted a wide-ranging debate over how the British government could best support low-income families. One radical response came from Edward Heath’s Conservative government, which published plans to replace the whole system of personal tax allowances with refundable tax credits—the closest any British government has come to introducing a Universal Basic Income. This chapter examines the origins of the Tax Credit Scheme in 1971–2, which was devised by special adviser Arthur Cockfield in response to the rising cost of tax administration and the difficulty of establishing a selective Negative Income Tax in Britain. As the plans took shape, however, the cost of introducing the reforms on a no-losers basis became a source of growing concern within government. Indeed, Treasury officials were relieved when Labour’s victory in the February 1974 election made it possible to jettison the scheme and focus on simplifying and computerizing the PAYE system.

Ermington Family Learning Centre: Breaking the cycle of disadvantage through parents and children learning together

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Hay ◽  
Maureen Puckeridge ◽  
Robyn McDonald ◽  
Margaret Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Professional Support ◽  
Family Learning ◽  
Disadvantaged Children ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Welfare Agencies

The Ermington Family Learning Centre provides educational opportunities for both children with learning difficulties from low income families, and their parents. The Centre specifically targets disadvantaged children and encourages the involvement of families, most of whom are vulnerable and isolated from traditional services. Because the focus is on children, many parents who would not normally use welfare agencies or seek professional support have accepted help from the Centre. The integrated but indirect approach has ensured not only sustained educational gains and improved self esteem in the children, but improvements in family functioning and the self esteem of parents.

The Effects of Behavioural Contracting and Preferred Reinforcement on Appointment Keeping

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Hayes ◽  
Lisa A. Efron ◽  
Gina S. Richman ◽  
Kelley A. Harrison ◽  
Elizabeth L. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment Implementation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Appointment Keeping ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Contingency Contract ◽  
Therapy Clinic

AbstractThe current study demonstrates the efficacy of using a behavioural contingency contract in conjunction with family-selected reinforcers to increase appointment keeping among low income families in a child and family therapy clinic. Three families with similar presenting problems participated. A multiple baseline across-subjects design with the addition of a reversal component was utilised. Upon treatment implementation, contracts were signed by family members stating that they would receive coupons valuing $30.00 after attending four consecutive clinic appointments. These coupons were selected by the family from a diverse menu. Results indicated increases in appointment keeping following implementation of the behavioural contract. The cost effectiveness of using a behavioural contract in conjunction with economic incentives with low-income families is discussed, and suggestions for future research on appointment keeping are made.

scholarly journals Affordability of Heathy, Equitable and More Sustainable Diets in Low-Income Households in Brisbane before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4386
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Lee ◽  
Dori Patay ◽  
Lisa-Maree Herron ◽  
Ru Chyi Tan ◽  
Evelyn Nicoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Sustainable Diets ◽  
Cost Differential ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Income Households

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased food insecurity worldwide, yet there has been limited assessment of shifts in the cost and affordability of healthy, equitable and sustainable diets. This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and income supplements provided by the Australian government on diet cost and affordability for low-income households in an Australian urban area. The Healthy Diets ASAP method protocol was applied to assess the cost and cost differential of current and recommended diets before (in 2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (late 2020) for households with a minimum-wage and welfare-only disposable household income, by area of socioeconomic disadvantage, in Greater Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Data were collected between August and October, 2020, from 78 food outlets and compared with data collected in the same locations between May and October, 2019, in an earlier study. The price of most healthy food groups increased significantly during the pandemic—with the exception of vegetables and legumes, which decreased. Conversely, the price of discretionary foods and drinks did not increase during the pandemic. The cost of the current and recommended diets significantly increased throughout this period, but the latter continued to be less expensive than the former. Due to income supplements provided between May and September 2020, the affordability of the recommended diet improved greatly, by 27% and 42%, for households with minimum-wage and welfare-only disposable household income, respectively. This improvement in the affordability of the recommended diet highlights the need to permanently increase welfare support for low-income families to ensure food security.

scholarly journals Offsetting the cost of community-supported agriculture (CSA) for low-income families: perceptions and experiences of CSA farmers and members

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Stephanie B. Jilcott Pitts ◽  
Leah Connor Volpe ◽  
Marilyn Sitaker ◽  
Emily H. Belarmino ◽  
Amari Sealey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Community Supported Agriculture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Cost Offset ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Improve Access

Abstract Community-supported agriculture (CSA) is an alternative food marketing model in which community members subscribe to receive regular shares of a farm's harvest. Although CSA has the potential to improve access to fresh produce, certain features of CSA membership may prohibit low-income families from participating. A ‘cost-offset’ CSA (CO-CSA) model provides low-income families with purchasing support with the goal of making CSA more affordable. As a first step toward understanding the potential of CO-CSA to improve access to healthy foods among low-income households, we interviewed 24 CSA farmers and 20 full-pay CSA members about their experiences and perceptions of the cost-offset model and specific mechanisms for offsetting the cost of CSA. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and coded using a thematic approach. Ensuring that healthy food was accessible to everyone, regardless of income level, was a major theme expressed by both farmers and members. In general, CSA farmers and CSA members favored member donations over other mechanisms for funding the CO-CSA. The potential time burden that could affect CSA farmers when administering a cost-offset was a commonly-mentioned barrier. Future research should investigate various CO-CSA operational models in order to determine which models are most economically viable and sustainable.

scholarly journals The cost of school holidays for children from low income families

Childhood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Stewart ◽  
Nick Watson ◽  
Mhairi Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Children's Health ◽  
Children’S Health ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health And Well Being

School holidays can be stressful periods for children from low-income families. Poor provision of appropriate childcare, limited access to enrichment activities, and food insecurity mean that children’s health and well-being can suffer and their learning stagnate or decline. This article examines and documents the evidence that has emerged on this topic and aims to raise its profile and the impact on children’s lives. It makes the case for further academic scrutiny of this unexamined and neglected subject.

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