The Effects of Behavioural Contracting and Preferred Reinforcement on Appointment Keeping

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Hayes ◽  
Lisa A. Efron ◽  
Gina S. Richman ◽  
Kelley A. Harrison ◽  
Elizabeth L. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment Implementation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Appointment Keeping ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Contingency Contract ◽  
Therapy Clinic

AbstractThe current study demonstrates the efficacy of using a behavioural contingency contract in conjunction with family-selected reinforcers to increase appointment keeping among low income families in a child and family therapy clinic. Three families with similar presenting problems participated. A multiple baseline across-subjects design with the addition of a reversal component was utilised. Upon treatment implementation, contracts were signed by family members stating that they would receive coupons valuing $30.00 after attending four consecutive clinic appointments. These coupons were selected by the family from a diverse menu. Results indicated increases in appointment keeping following implementation of the behavioural contract. The cost effectiveness of using a behavioural contract in conjunction with economic incentives with low-income families is discussed, and suggestions for future research on appointment keeping are made.

scholarly journals Offsetting the cost of community-supported agriculture (CSA) for low-income families: perceptions and experiences of CSA farmers and members

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Stephanie B. Jilcott Pitts ◽  
Leah Connor Volpe ◽  
Marilyn Sitaker ◽  
Emily H. Belarmino ◽  
Amari Sealey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Community Supported Agriculture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Major Theme ◽  
Healthy Foods ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Cost Offset ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Improve Access

Abstract Community-supported agriculture (CSA) is an alternative food marketing model in which community members subscribe to receive regular shares of a farm's harvest. Although CSA has the potential to improve access to fresh produce, certain features of CSA membership may prohibit low-income families from participating. A ‘cost-offset’ CSA (CO-CSA) model provides low-income families with purchasing support with the goal of making CSA more affordable. As a first step toward understanding the potential of CO-CSA to improve access to healthy foods among low-income households, we interviewed 24 CSA farmers and 20 full-pay CSA members about their experiences and perceptions of the cost-offset model and specific mechanisms for offsetting the cost of CSA. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and coded using a thematic approach. Ensuring that healthy food was accessible to everyone, regardless of income level, was a major theme expressed by both farmers and members. In general, CSA farmers and CSA members favored member donations over other mechanisms for funding the CO-CSA. The potential time burden that could affect CSA farmers when administering a cost-offset was a commonly-mentioned barrier. Future research should investigate various CO-CSA operational models in order to determine which models are most economically viable and sustainable.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

Household budget management and women’s position in peasant families in the Polish lands in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Rural History ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Elwira Wilczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Budget Management ◽  
Decisive Importance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Household Budget ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
Peasant Women

Abstract This article attempts to answer the question about the position of women in Polish peasant families in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries based on the memoirs of rural women. Contrary to the claim that taking control over the household budget gave women more power on the farm, memoirs of peasant women show that it was rather an additional duty and responsibility. This problem mainly affected low-income families, where income from typically male activities was insufficient, so homemakers supported the family from the female part of the farm: gardening and dairy production. Thus, despite the decisive importance of women’s earnings for the household budget, their power in the family had only a symbolic dimension.

scholarly journals Dampak Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) terhadap Kesejahteraan Keluarga di Desa Padang Seurahet Kecamatan Johan Pahlawan Kabupaten Aceh Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Lia Muliana ◽  
Mursyidin Mursyidin ◽  
Muharriyanti Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Family ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a conditional cash transfer program for low-income families. The requirement is to be actively involved in education and health. The Family Hope Program in Indonesia was implemented in 2007 to alleviate poverty and prosper low-income families. The research and writing of this journal aim to determine the impact of PKH on family welfare and see if there is a reduction in poverty after the government realizes the Family Hope Program. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The study results indicate that the impact of PKH on beneficiary families, including the cash provided, can meet consumption or family needs and help the economy of PKH recipient families. The implementation of the program can reduce poverty in Aceh. The percentage of the poverty rate fell to 0.02%. The limitation of the research is the impact of PKH on family welfare and wants to examine whether there is a decrease in the percentage of poverty in Aceh or Aceh Barat. The practical implication of this research is to provide information to the government that PKH can improve the welfare of low-income families. The social significance is to give the government and the general public that the implementation of social assistance programs, one of which is the Family Hope Program, can reduce poverty rates in Aceh or West Aceh. The originality of the research is supported by previous research related to the author’s research study.

‘The Pragmatist’s Solution to Poverty’

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Peter Sloman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
British Government ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
System P ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Negative Income Tax

The ‘rediscovery of poverty’ prompted a wide-ranging debate over how the British government could best support low-income families. One radical response came from Edward Heath’s Conservative government, which published plans to replace the whole system of personal tax allowances with refundable tax credits—the closest any British government has come to introducing a Universal Basic Income. This chapter examines the origins of the Tax Credit Scheme in 1971–2, which was devised by special adviser Arthur Cockfield in response to the rising cost of tax administration and the difficulty of establishing a selective Negative Income Tax in Britain. As the plans took shape, however, the cost of introducing the reforms on a no-losers basis became a source of growing concern within government. Indeed, Treasury officials were relieved when Labour’s victory in the February 1974 election made it possible to jettison the scheme and focus on simplifying and computerizing the PAYE system.

Why Members Dropout? An Evaluation of Factors Affecting Renewal in Micro Health Insurance

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Savitha
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Micro Health Insurance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Low Income Families

Micro health insurance (MHI) is an important mechanism to fight iatrogenic poverty in India. Its sustainability and viability depends, to a greater extent on the renewal of membership. This article evaluates the factors that influence renewal decisions in Sampoorna Suraksha Programme (SSP) in Karnataka. This study shows income class and chronic illness in the family to determine the renewability. The findings indicate adverse selection since low-income low-risk and high-income low-risk families dropout. From the social welfare point of view, renewal from high-risk low-income families is welcome; yet this should not jeopardize resource mobilization of SSP. Sustainable and viable operations of SSP depends on continued membership of insured population that can be achieved through external financial assistance for the poorest, wider network of hospitals and increased awareness on health insurance. Dropout rate in any MHI scheme should be kept very low to achieve deeper penetration and wider coverage especially in India where large percentage of population falls outside the insurance ambit.

scholarly journals Parenting in low-income families from the perspective of social work

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 03010
Author(s):  
A. Banovcinova ◽  
E. Mydlikova ◽  
M. Vodicková
Keyword(s):  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Positive Discipline ◽  
The Family ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Role Of Parents

The family is the primary socializing factor. Its mission is to create a stable and safe environment for the child and for his comprehensive development. The role of parents is to give to a child the values and norms accepted in the society, which is a prerequisite for successful integration of a child into society. That is why the upbringing function of the family is regarded as one of the main. This feature is, however, influenced by many factors. The goal of the study was to find how poverty affects parenting. For the data collection was used questionnaire Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ), which measures parenthood through five dimensions (1) positive involvement with children, (2) Supervision and monitoring, (3) use of positive discipline techniques, (4) consistency in Theus of discipline chniques, (5) use of corporal punishment. The sample was divided into two groups, with the first group consisted of 188 parents living in poverty The reference group consisted of parents living in households with income standard (N−188).Analysis of the results showed differences between parents living in poverty and between parents with a standard rate of income especially in monitoring and supervision, and also in the use of positive disciplinary techniques. On the contrary, there were no significant differences in cooperation between the parents or the use of corporal punishment. Based on the results it is clear that poverty is one of the factors affecting parenting. Therefore, social worker who works with low-income families should focus attention on this area of family functioning.

scholarly journals The Cost of Excessive Smartphone Use: Guilt Cross the Work-Family Domains

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujing Liu ◽  
Jing Du ◽  
Yuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Family Role ◽  
Role Performance ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Family ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Cost

Empirical evidence has accumulated showing that smartphone use at work has the double-edged sword impacts on work-related attitudes and behaviors, but little is known about how its effects transmit and spill over from the workplace to the family domain. Drawing upon compensatory ethics theory, we hypothesize positive associations of employees’ daily private smartphone use at work with their family role performance after work through feeling of guilt. Using an experience sampling methodology, we test our hypotheses in a sample of 101 employees who completed surveys across 10 consecutive workdays. Multilevel path analysis results showed that excessive smartphone use at work triggered experienced guilt, and had a positive indirect effect on family role performance via feeling of guilt. Furthermore, employees with high ability of emotion regulation can be better resolve own painful emotion by engaging in family role performance. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and propose future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Accessing the Transition to Careers for Female Undergraduates in the Restructured University in New Brunswick

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilee Reimer ◽  
Adele Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Women Students ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Career Transition ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
The Family ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The University

The reality of “non-traditional” students attending Canadian universities is increasing with the absence of the baby-boom echo generation in Atlantic Canada and several other provinces. Women students who are “first-in-the-family” face multiple disadvantages in accessing the university to career transition process, none more central than the invisibility of that career transition to students from low income families or those with no previous post-secondary education. This institutional ethnography examines how three universities in New Brunswick are addressing the specific needs of these students and the question of access to careers for non-traditional women students. La réalité des étudiants "non- traditionnels" suivant des cours aux universités canadiennes augmente avec l'absence de la génération de baby boom dans les provinces atlantiques et dans plusieurs d'autres provinces du Canada. Les femmes étudiantes qui sont les "premières de la famille" doivent faire face aux multiples désavantages quand elles cherchent un accès au processus de transition vers une carrière, dont le désavantage le plus important n'est autre que l'invisibilité de cette transition pour les étudiantes venant des familles économiquement faibles ou pour celles auxquelles manque l'enseignement post secondaire. Cette étude ethnographique institutionnelle examine comment trois étudiantes du Nouveau- Brunswick s'adressent à leurs besoins spécifiques. Elle examine aussi la question d'accès aux carrières pour les étudiantes non-traditionnelles.

scholarly journals Allogenous Selection of Mutational Collateral Resistance: Old Drugs Select for New Resistances Within Antibiotic Families

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Baquero ◽  
Jose-Luis martínez ◽  
Angela Silva-Novais ◽  
Jerónimo Rodríguez-Beltrán ◽  
Laura Martínez-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
The Family ◽  
Old Drugs ◽  
Selection Of

Allogeneous selection occurs when an antibiotic selects for resistance to more advanced members of the same family. The mechanisms of allogenous selection are (a) collateral expansion, when the antibiotic expands the gene and gene-containing bacterial populations favoring the emergence of other mutations, inactivating the more advanced antibiotics; (b) collateral selection, when the old antibiotic selects its own resistance but also resistances to more modern drugs; (c) collateral hyper-resistance, when resistance to the old antibiotic selects in higher degree for populations resistant to other antibiotics of the family than to itself; and (d) collateral evolution, when the simultaneous or sequential use of antibiotics of the same family selects for new mutational combinations with novel phenotypes, generally with higher activity or broader spectrum. Note that in some cases, collateral selection derives from collateral evolution. In this study, examples of allogenous selection are provided for the major families of antibiotics. Improvements in minimal inhibitory concentrations with the newest drugs do not necessarily exclude “old” antibiotics of the same family of retaining some selective power for resistance to the newest agents. If this were true, the use of older members of the same drug family would facilitate the emergence of mutational resistance to the younger drugs of the family, which is frequently based on previously established resistance traits. The extensive use of old drugs (particularly in low-income countries and in farming) might be significant for the emergence and selection of resistances to the novel members of the family, becoming a growing source of variation and selection of resistance to the whole family. In terms of future research, it could be advisable to focus antimicrobial drug discovery more on the identification of new targets and new (unique) classes of antimicrobial agents, than on the perpetual chemical exploitation of classic existing ones.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document