A Study on a High Efficiency Dryer for Food Waste

Composting food waste is a delicate procedure that requires specific infrastructure and machinery that can gradually transform the wastes to nutrient-rich manure. Nevertheless, it also desires a constant attention by experts to achieve a quality outcome. Therefore, automatic composting machinery is a promising new idea as modern technology is taking over the world with it high efficiency. The objective of this paper is to build a fully automated composting machine that can help to reduce food waste using a more efficient and environmentally friendly method. This machine has its special features of heating, cooling and grinding which is simple and easy to use for every consumer at just one touch of a button. In addition, it uses a special filter to eliminate unpleasant odor to ensure consumer’s space of mind. The composting process uses node microcontroller (MCU) to run its operation and Internet of Things (IoT) with a developed mobile application to measure the amount of food waste, current process and its moisture content before turning the waste into high nutrient flakes at around 10% of its original volume. It will also notify the consumer when the whole process is done and the final product is ready to use. The produced flakes are good for nurturing soils, use as fertilizer, and renewable source of energy or animal feed. The benefit is to help reduce handling cost of waste at landfill. Excessive logistical energy is required to send food waste to landfill if conventional equipment is applied. This product has a high potential to penetrate the end users who usually cooks at home and also the industrial food manufacturers whether from medium to large which produces a lot of raw waste. Essentially, this machine allows food waste, through implementation of IoT to be converted to usable fertilizer.

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Electrohydrodynamic, oven and natural drying of mint leaves and effects on the physiochemical indices of the leaves

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/21/2020-rae ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 89-96

Author(s):

Chibuzo Nwankwo ◽

Chigozie Francis Okoyeuzu ◽

Ikpeama Ahamefula

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Food Waste ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Efficiency Performance ◽

Natural Drying

The efficiency of three modified plastic digesters (3.6 m3 each) using food waste for biogas generation in cooking food was evaluated. The experiment was laid out based on a completely randomised design. A plastic tank was modified as a biodegradation system for food waste digestion to generate a biogas. The biochemical and chemical oxygen demand ranged from 44.58 to 49.62% and 130.42 to 139.20%, respectively, before digestion, but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after digestion. The pH of the fermenting slurry fluctuated (6.24–6.86) and an average biogas of 0.574 m3 (505–601 L·day–1) per day was generated from the three experimental waste proportions which would be sufficient to cook three meals per day for 3 to 4 people. The methane gas significantly increased (P < 0.05) while the carbon-dioxide significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at the peak of the biogas production. The generated biogas significantly cooked (P < 0.05) faster than kerosene, but not faster than liquefied petroleum gas. The flammable biogas generation and high significant (P <0.05) percentage change in the physico-chemical properties of the wastes after digestion implied high efficiency performance of the digesters modified from the plastic tanks.

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Oriented Fermentation of Food Waste towards High-Value Products: A Review

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13215638 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 5638

Author(s):

Qiao Wang ◽

Huan Li ◽

Kai Feng ◽

Jianguo Liu

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Food Waste ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Continuous Fermentation ◽

Scale Up ◽

High Yield ◽

Organic Loading Rate ◽

Market Demand ◽

Acid Fermentation

Food waste has a great potential for resource recovery due to its huge yield and high organic content. Oriented fermentation is a promising method with strong application prospects due to high efficiency, strong robustness, and high-value products. Different fermentation types lead to different products, which can be shifted by adjusting fermentation conditions such as inoculum, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), organic loading rate (OLR), and nutrients. Compared with other types, lactic acid fermentation has the lowest reliance on artificial intervention. Lactic acid and volatile fatty acids are the common products, and high yield and high purity are the main targets of food waste fermentation. In addition to operational parameters, reactors and processes should be paid more attention to for industrial application. Currently, continuously stirred tank reactors and one-stage processes are used principally for scale-up continuous fermentation of food waste. Electro-fermentation and iron-based or carbon-based additives can improve food waste fermentation, but their mechanisms and application need further investigation. After fermentation, the recovery of target products is a key problem due to the lack of green and economic methods. Precipitation, distillation, extraction, adsorption, and membrane separation can be considered, but the recovery step is still the most expensive in the entire treatment chain. It is expected to develop more efficient fermentation processes and recovery strategies based on food waste composition and market demand.

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Exploration of a high-efficiency and low-cost technique for maximizing the glucoamylase production from food waste

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c9ra04530a ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (40) ◽

pp. 22980-22986 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shujuan Meng ◽

Yao Yin ◽

Liu Yu

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Food Waste ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Fermentation Conditions ◽

Glucoamylase Production

Remarkably high glucoamylase production from food waste was achieved by optimizing the fermentation conditions using the response surface methodology.

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BIOREMOVAL OF COPPER(II) VIA HYDROGEN FERMENTATION OF ECOLOGICALLY HAZARDOUS MULTICOMPONENT FOOD WASTE

10.32006/eeep.2020.2.0514 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 5-14

Author(s):

Olesia Havryliuk ◽

Vira Hovorukha ◽

Galina Gladka ◽

Oleksandr Tashyrev

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Control Volume ◽

Lethal Effect ◽

Culture Liquid ◽

Final Phase ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Potential Measurement ◽

Gas Fermentation ◽

Waste Destruction

The environmental pollution by copper and the increasing amount of environmentally hazardous organic waste destroy natural ecosystems and have negative and even lethal effect on living organisms. The chemical techniques of metal containing waste detoxification are expensive and hazardous being the advanced problem today. The aim was to justify theoretically and confirm experimentally the possibility of toxic Cu2+ removal by hydrogen producing microbiome (HPM) via dark hydrogen fermentation of solid multicomponent food waste (MFW). Colorimetric and potentiometric methods were used for pH and redox potential measurement. Volumetric and chromatographic methods were applied to control volume and composition of synthesized gas. Fermentation parameters were calculated with the use of mathematical and statistical ones. The high effectiveness of solid waste destruction and Cu2+ removal was shown by spore forming HPM. The MFW were fastly and effectively digested by the microbiome at the absence of Cu2+. The weight of MFW was 90 times decreased (Kd = 90). The maximum concentration of H2 was 35% and biohydrogen yield was 76 L/kg of MFW counting on absolutely dry weight (ADW). The fermentation process was inhibited by Cu2+ in the form of citrate complex. The biohydrogen yield and efficiency of waste destruction were decreased on 41% (45 L/kg of waste) and 37% (Kd = 57) consequently after addition of 50 ppm Cu2+ to the culture liquid of the bioreactor during the beginning of final phase (50 hours) of MFW fermentation. The effect of complete inhibition of H2 synthesis was obtained in the case of adding 100 ppm Cu2+ to the culture liquid sampled from bioreactor during the final phase (80 hours) of fermentation. Nonetheless, the Cu2+ was bioremoved by HPM with high efficiency up to 99.0 % and 99.5% after 5 hours and 30 hours of fermentation where initially the concentrations of Cu2+ were consequently 50 and 100 ppm. The synthesis of gas was not significantly restored after the addition of Cu2+ in both variants of the experiment. Obtained patterns will be used as a basis for the development of novel universal biotechnologies of metal-containing sewage purification with simultaneous destruction of MFW.

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Novel anaerobic process for the recovery of methane and compost from food waste

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2002.0363 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (10) ◽

pp. 313-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S.-K. Han ◽

H.-S. Shin ◽

Y.-C. Song ◽

C.-Y. Lee ◽

S.-H. Kim

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Gas Production ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket ◽

Uasb Reactor ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Cellulolytic Activity ◽

Two Phase ◽

Batch Mode

Multi-step sequential batch two-phase anaerobic composting (MUSTAC) process was used to recover methane and composted material from food waste. The MUSTAC process consists of five leaching beds for hydrolysis, acidification and post-treatment, and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for methane recovery. This process involves the combined methods of sequential batch operation and two-phase anaerobic digestion for simple operation and high efficiency. Rumen microorganisms are inoculated due to their enhanced cellulolytic activity. Each leaching bed is operated in a sequential batch mode. Five leaching beds are operated in a multi-step mode with a two-day interval between degradation stages. Acidified products in the leachate from the leaching beds are converted to methane in the UASB reactor. The MUSTAC process demonstrated that it was capable of removing 84.9% of volatile solids (VS) and converting 85.6% of biochemical methane potential (BMP) into methane at 10.9 kg VS/m3·d in 10 days. Methane gas production rate was 2.31 m3/m3·d. The output from the post-treatment of residues in the same leaching bed without troublesome moving met the Korean regulation on compost, indicating that it could be used for soil amendment.

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Increase in efficiency of hydrogen production by optimization of food waste fermentation parameters

Energetika ◽

10.6001/energetika.v65i1.3977 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Vira Hovorukha ◽

Oleksandr Tashyrev ◽

Hanna Tashyreva ◽

Olesia Havryliuk ◽

Olena Bielikova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Liquid Water ◽

Molecular Hydrogen ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Solid Food ◽

Liquid Phases ◽

Horizontal Reactor ◽

Waste Particles ◽

Fermentation Parameters ◽

Hydrogen Synthesis

The aim of the work was to optimize the ratio of weight of solid (food waste) and liquid (water) phases in order to ensure high efficiency of molecular hydrogen synthesis and degradation of multi-component food waste. Assessment of the efficiency of fermentation process was carried out using colorimetric and potentiometric methods for pH and redox potential measuring, volumetric and chromatographic methods for volume and composition of gas investigation, and mathematical calculations for fermentation parameters determination. The dynamics of hydrogen fermentation of waste in the horizontal reactor using different ratios of solid (food waste) and liquid (water) phases was investigated. The optimization of the ratio of solid and liquid phases was shown to lead to the increase in efficiency of molecular hydrogen synthesis and destruction of waste particles. The ratio of solid and liquid phases 1:3 was determined to be optimal for the effective synthesis of hydrogen as well as for maximum waste decomposition. It provided effective hydrogen fermentation of multi-component food waste and allowed to rationally use material and technical resources. Obtained results are promising for further development of efficient industrial biotechnologies for waste destruction with the simultaneous synthesis of environmentally friendly energy carrier, i.e. molecular hydrogen.

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Effect of Iron Supplementation On The Biogas Production and Microbial Community Distribution During Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste Process

10.21203/rs.3.rs-600423/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yue Xu ◽

Rongtang Zhang ◽

Jiesheng Liu ◽

Xinghua He ◽

Haijun Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Food Waste ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Two Samples

Abstract Iron as micronutrients is of great significance for forming a stable and efficient anaerobic digestion of food waste. Aim of this study was to examine the effect of iron supplementation on the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. Firstly, batch experiments were conducted with different iron concentration at a constant kitchen waste/inoculum ratio (K/I = 1.0), which indicated that the effect of iron on anaerobic digestion of was strictly dosage-dependent. Then, anaerobic digestion of food waste was conducted for 50 days in semi-continuous rectors with optimal iron concentration (2.0mg /L) under the same conditions. And the semi-continuous rectors obtained a good operation performance with low volatile fatty acids concentration, higher biogas production, high coenzyme F420 and dehydrogenase concentrations. Furthermore, two samples taken on 7th day and 50th day were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing, which illustrated that the composition anaerobe community was stable. However, the growth and activity of several syntrophic microbial groups (Aminobacterium, Syntrophomonas, Anaerolineaceae, Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina, Methanobacterium and Methanospirillum), were stimulated by iron supplementation. The shift of microbial community suggested that a high-efficiency microbial community for methane production from food waste was formed by iron supplementation.

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Microcalorimeters for X-Ray Spectroscopy

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100107365 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

E. Silver ◽

C. Hailey ◽

S. Labov ◽

N. Madden ◽

D. Landis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Thermal Response ◽

Low Noise ◽

High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽

Superconducting Transition ◽

Sapphire Substrates ◽

Laboratory Plasmas ◽

Adiabatic Demagnetization ◽

Theoretical Predictions

The merits of microcalorimetry below 1°K for high resolution spectroscopy has become widely recognized on theoretical grounds. By combining the high efficiency, broadband spectral sensitivity of traditional photoelectric detectors with the high resolution capabilities characteristic of dispersive spectrometers, the microcalorimeter could potentially revolutionize spectroscopic measurements of astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. In actuality, however, the performance of prototype instruments has fallen short of theoretical predictions and practical detectors are still unavailable for use as laboratory and space-based instruments. These issues are currently being addressed by the new collaborative initiative between LLNL, LBL, U.C.I., U.C.B., and U.C.D.. Microcalorimeters of various types are being developed and tested at temperatures of 1.4, 0.3, and 0.1°K. These include monolithic devices made from NTD Germanium and composite configurations using sapphire substrates with temperature sensors fabricated from NTD Germanium, evaporative films of Germanium-Gold alloy, or material with superconducting transition edges. A new approache to low noise pulse counting electronics has been developed that allows the ultimate speed of the device to be determined solely by the detector thermal response and geometry. Our laboratory studies of the thermal and resistive properties of these and other candidate materials should enable us to characterize the pulse shape and subsequently predict the ultimate performance. We are building a compact adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for conveniently reaching 0.1°K in the laboratory and for use in future satellite-borne missions. A description of this instrument together with results from our most recent experiments will be presented.

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Imaging and diffraction modes in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100144814 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 684-687

Author(s):

J. M. Cowley ◽

R. Glaisher ◽

J. A. Lin ◽

H.-J. Ou

Keyword(s):

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Fiber Optic ◽

Image Intensifier ◽

Detector System ◽

Detector Plane ◽

Secondary Electrons ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Special Detector

Some of the most important applications of STEM depend on the variety of imaging and diffraction made possible by the versatility of the detector system and the serial nature, of the image acquisition. A special detector system, previously described, has been added to our STEM instrument to allow us to take full advantage of this versatility. In this, the diffraction pattern in the detector plane may be formed on either of two phosphor screens, one with P47 (very fast) phosphor and the other with P20 (high efficiency) phosphor. The light from the phosphor is conveyed through a fiber-optic rod to an image intensifier and TV system and may be photographed, recorded on videotape, or stored digitally on a frame store. The P47 screen has a hole through it to allow electrons to enter a Gatan EELS spectrometer. Recently a modified SEM detector has been added so that high resolution (10Å) imaging with secondary electrons may be used in conjunction with other modes.

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