scholarly journals In vitro Interactive Toxicity of Binary Mixtures of Selected Herbicides on Lysinibacillusfusiformis

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Franca Ngozi Okafor ◽  
Michael Uchenna Orji ◽  
Samuel Chinedu Onuorah ◽  
Bright Obidinma Uba ◽  
Chinweike Unoma Dokubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Individual Compound ◽  
Dose Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dose Dependent

Aims: To assess the toxicities of some herbicides as individuals and in binary mixtures to Lysinibacillus fusiformis isolated from Oryzasativa plant using dehydrogenase activity as an endpoint. Study Design: The binary mixture consists of combination of any two herbicides selected from the three herbicides (drysate, weedcut and aminoforce) for the study The binary mixture ratios (%) were designed as: 50%:50%; 80%:20% and 20%:80% for the respective mixtures in the concentration range of 0 -10, 000 mg/L. Place and Duration of Study: Silver Press Laboratory, Owerri Nigeria between July, 2016 and August, 2019. Methodology: A laboratory scale study was carried on three toxicants using dehydrogenase inhibition test. The inhibition of dehydrogenase activity of the isolate by toxicant was calculated relative to the control. All the dose-response relationships of the individual toxicants and that of themixtures were described by logistic dose model and Weibullcum model parameter. Results: The results revealed that the median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) observed were 1,067.33 ± 36.68 mg/L for drysate; 2,180.00 ± 147.31 mg/L for weedcut and 4,550.00 ± 62.45 mg/L for aminoforce. Duncan tests indicated that the IC50 of the toxicants were significantly different from each other. Among the individual toxicants, the ascending toxicities ranking were aminoforce > weedcut > drysate. The responses of the test organism to the stresses of the toxicants were dose-dependent and the toxicants also progressively repressed the dehydrogenase activity as the concentration increased. All binary mixtures were strongly synergistic against the organism. Conclusion: Thus, the toxicity of individual compound and synergistic effects of the mixtures of the toxicants indicates potential deleterious effects of both the individual chemicals and their mixtures to the rhizobacteria of Oryza sativa plant.

Studies of the halothane-cooling contractures of skeletal muscle

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto T. Sudo ◽  
Gisele Zapata ◽  
Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Rabbit Muscle ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Muscle Biopsies ◽  
Ca Homeostasis ◽  
Potential Use

The characteristics of transient contractures elicited by rapid cooling of frog or mouse muscles perfused in vitro with solutions equilibrated with 0.5–2.0% halothane are reviewed. The data indicate that these halothane-cooling contractures are dose dependent and reproducible, and their amplitude is larger in muscles containing predominantly slow-twitch type fibers, such as the mouse soleus, than in muscles in which fast-twitch fibers predominate, such as the mouse extensor digitorum longus. The halothane-cooling contractures are potentiated in muscles exposed to succinylcholine. The effects of Ca2+-free solutions, of the local anesthetics procaine, procainamide, and lidocaine, and of the muscle relaxant dantrolene on the halothane-cooling contractures are consistent with the proposal that the halothane-cooling contractures result from synergistic effects of halothane and low temperature on Ca sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Preliminary results from skinned rabbit muscle fibers support this proposal. The halothane concentrations required for the halothane-cooling contractures of isolated frog or mouse muscles are comparable with those observed in serum of patients during general anesthesia. Accordingly, fascicles dissected from muscle biopsies of patients under halothane anesthesia for programmed surgery develop large contractures when rapidly cooled. The amplitude of these halothane-cooling contractures declined with the time of perfusion of the muscle fascicles in vitro with halothane-free physiological solutions. It is suggested that the halothane-cooling contractures could be used as a simple experimental model for the investigation of the effects of halothane on Ca homeostasis and contractility in skeletal muscle and for study of drugs of potential use in the management of the contractures associated with the halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia syndrome. It is shown that salicylates, but not indomethacin or mefenamic acid, inhibit the halothane-cooling contractures.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of Thermosensitive Hydrogels with Binary Mixture of Scutellariae baicalensis radix Extract and Chitosan for Periodontal Diseases Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11319
Author(s):  
Justyna Chanaj-Kaczmarek ◽  
Tomasz Osmałek ◽  
Emilia Szymańska ◽  
Katarzyna Winnicka ◽  
Tomasz M. Karpiński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Poloxamer 407 ◽  
Cellulose Derivatives ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Thermosensitive Hydrogels ◽  
Scutellariae Baicalensis

Scutellaria baicalensis root displays anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties due to the presence of flavonoids, particularly baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin. Our work aimed at developing thermosensitive hydrogels containing a binary mixture of S. baicalensis radix lyophilized extract and chitosan as a novel approach for periodontal diseases treatment. Two types of chitosan were employed in preliminary studies on binary mixtures with S. baicalensis radix lyophilized extract standardized for baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin. Thermosensitive hydrogels were prepared of poloxamer 407, alginate sodium, and cellulose derivatives and evaluated in terms of rheological and mucoadhesive behavior. The presence of chitosan altered the release profile of active compounds but did not affect their in vitro permeation behavior in PAMPA assay. The synergistic effects of S. baicalensis radix lyophilized extract and chitosan toward ferrous ion-chelating activity, inhibition of hyaluronidase, and pathogen growth were observed. The thermosensitive gelling system showed shear-thinning properties, gelation temperature between 25 and 27 °C, and favorable mucoadhesiveness in contact with porcine buccal mucosa, which was enhanced in the presence of binary mixture of S. baicalensis radix extract and chitosan. The release tests showed that baicalin and baicalein were liberated in a prolonged manner with a fast onset from hydrogel formulations.

Health Benefits of a Combination Probiotics; FlorMidabil™

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Latvala S. ◽  
Philipp S. ◽  
Lehtinen M.J. ◽  
Lehtoranta L. ◽  
Ouwehand A.C.
Keyword(s):  
Health Benefits ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Respiratory Allergies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Reduced Risk

This review summarizes health benefits of a combination of a four-strain probiotic consisting of L. paracasei Lpc-37, B. lactis Bl-04, L. acidophilus La-14, and L. plantarum Lp-115. The safety of the individual strains for absence of transferable antibiotic resistance and adverse events in human intervention studies has been documented. The strains have been shown, both in vitro and in human studies, to survive gastro-intestinal transit and transiently colonize the intestine in a dose-dependent manner. In digestive health, the strains have shown to modulate the intestinal microbiota and reduce risk for both diarrhea and constipation. In vitro, animal and human studies have shown these strains to positively modulate many immune markers, in particular anti-inflammatory markers. These modifications also suggest a reduced risk for respiratory tract infections and seasonal respiratory allergies. The strains contributed positively to weight management in humans and reduced markers of metabolic syndrome in animal models. Finally, one of the strains (L. acidophilus La-14) was shown to colonize the vagina and contribute to reduced risk for recurrent bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and urinary tract infection. The combination of these four strains can therefore be expected to provide a broad spectrum of health benefits.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE RATIONALE OF FDC CONTAINING OFLOXACIN AND AZOLES: DISSOLUTION, PERMEATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
ATMARAM PAWAR ◽  
AKSHAY KAMBLE ◽  
SWATI KORAKE ◽  
VIVIDHA DHAPTE-PAWAR
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Shigella Boydii ◽  
Ex Vivo Permeation ◽  
The Individual

Objective: To study fixed-dose combinations (FDC) of antibacterial and antiprotozoal products (ofloxacin and azoles), prescribed for the treatment of diarrhea. Methods: Rationality of these FDC products was verified by assessing parameters such as drug content and release by assay and dissolution tests, respectively mentioned in the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP). Amount of drug solubilized and permeated as per the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) was determined. Ex vivo permeation study was performed on the gut of goat using the everted gut sac technique. Antimicrobial efficacy in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was assessed using agar well diffusion method against Shigella boydii, the causative agent for diarrhea. Comparative studies were performed on an individual as well as combination doses of antibacterial and antiprotozoal products for the synergistic effects to assess the rationale of these FDC. Results: The BCS solubility of ciprofloxacin (CPX), norfloxacin (NFX) and tinidazole (TNZ) was high in acidic medium (pH 1-5) and decreased at pH above 5. The assay studies showed that the individual drug contents of FDC were within the IP limits. In vitro dissolution results for both, individual drugs and their combination illustrated 99 % drug release within 30 min in 0.01N HCl. Ex vivo permeation of TNZ was higher than CPX and NFX in individual drugs. No significant change in the permeation rate was observed for individual drugs and their FDC. CPX and NFX exhibited more antimicrobial activity in terms of inhibitory zones than their FDC with antiprotozoal TNZ, above 2.5 µg/ml MIC. The pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and antimicrobial evaluation study showed the similarity of FDC with the individual drugs. Conclusion: The study showed no significant data to justify the therapeutic advantage of FDC over individual drugs.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of Novel Azole Compounds ATTAF-1 and ATTAF-2 against Fluconazole-Susceptible and -Resistant Isolates of Candida Species

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Fakhim ◽  
Saeed Emami ◽  
Afsane Vaezi ◽  
Seyedeh Mahdieh Hashemi ◽  
Leila Faeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Species ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fluconazole Resistant ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of two novel azole compounds (aryl-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio analogues of fluconazole [ATTAFs]) and five comparator antifungal agents against 52 clinical Candida isolates from 5 different species were determined. The novel azole compounds had the lowest geometric mean MICs, followed by fluconazole. Moreover, combinations of these compounds with fluconazole exhibited synergistic effects against fluconazole-susceptible (22 of 23 isolates), fluconazole-susceptible dose-dependent (10 of 13 isolates), and fluconazole-resistant (1 of 16 isolates) Candida isolates.

scholarly journals Synergistic Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects between Modified Citrus Pectin and Honokiol

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheppail Ramachandran ◽  
Barry Wilk ◽  
Steven J. Melnick ◽  
Isaac Eliaz
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Citrus Pectin ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

Inflammation is a normal physiological process; however, dysregulation of this process may contribute to inflammatory-based chronic disorders and diseases in animals and humans. Therefore, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of natural products, often recognized in traditional medicine systems, represent therapeutic modalities to reduce or prevent uncontrolled inflammatory processes which in turn potentially ameliorate or prevent sequelae of inflammatory-based symptoms of chronic diseases. We have investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of honokiol (HNK) and modified citrus pectin (MCP) in vitro and examined whether the MCP : HNK combination has synergistic effects on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Although both HNK and MCP induced a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity, the latter has a consistently higher antioxidant effect. The MCP : HNK (9 : 1) combination induced a synergistic effect on antioxidant activity suggesting that the combination is significantly more efficacious than individual compounds. In mouse monocytes, the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) synthesis was significantly inhibited by HNK and the MCP : HNK combination in a dose-dependent manner and synergistic effects were clearly demonstrated with the combination on TNF-α inhibition. This combination effect was also evident on inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B activity, cyclooxygenase-II activity, and lipid peroxidation in mouse monocytes. Further research into the combination is warranted.

scholarly journals Propolis nanoparticle enhances the potency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans in a synergistic manner

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Afrasiabi ◽  
Maryam Pourhajibagher ◽  
Nasim Chiniforush ◽  
Abbas Bahador
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
Human Gingival Fibroblast ◽  
Gingival Fibroblast ◽  
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Less invasive removal approaches have been recommended for deep caries lesions. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and propolis nanoparticle (PNP) are highlighted for the caries management plan. Evidence is lacking for an additive effect of combination PNP with photosensitizer (PS) in aPDT. This study aimed to investigate the individual and synergistic effects of chlorophyllin-phycocyanin mixture (PhotoActive+) and toluidine blue O (TBO) as PSs in combination with PNP in the aPDT process (aPDTplus) against major important virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Following characterization, biocompatibility of the PSs alone, or in combination with PNP were investigated on human gingival fibroblast cell. The in vitro synergy of PhotoActive+ or TBO and PNP was evaluated by the checkerboard method. The bacteria's virulence properties were surveyed in the presence of the PSs, individually as well as in combination. When the PSs were examined in combination (synergistic effect, FIC Index < 0.5), a stronger growth inhibitory activity was exhibited than the individual PSs. The biofilm formation, as well as genes involved in biofilm formation, showed greater suppression when the PSs were employed in combination. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the combination of PhotoActive+ or TBO with PNP with the least cytotoxicity effects and the highest antimicrobial activites would improve aPDT outcomes, leading to synergistic effects and impairing the virulence of S. mutans.

scholarly journals Inhibition of dehydrogenase activity in S. typhimurium by ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum

Bio-Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1078-1084
Author(s):  
SI Umeh ◽  
IP Umunna ◽  
JU Udensi
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Dehydrogenase and inhibitions of dehydrogenase activities in Salmonella typhimurium by ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Carica papaya were investigated. Dehydrogenase activity assay was carried out using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) as the electron acceptor. Pure culture of S. typhimurium was exposed to varied concentrations of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Carica papaya [0-4000 μg/ml]. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts exhibited a concentration dependent response  against the tested organism. Results obtained revealed that  the ethanolic extracts showed a higher bactericidal effect on the test organism than the methanolic extracts at the threshold and total inhibitory concentrations. The IC50 were 45.349 and 15.697; IC100 were 43.732 and 35.526 for ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum respectively while the IC50 were 7.108 and 13.696; IC100 were 40.815 and 31.104 for methanolic extracts of Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum respectively. This in-vitro study further revealed that the leaf of Carica papaya was more potent on Salmonella typhimurium than the leaf of Ocimum gratissimum. The findings from this study seem to provide the in-vitro evidence that justifies Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum as good candidate medicinal plants for the potential treatment of Salmonella typhimurium infections.

scholarly journals Assessing the toxicities of the binary mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate and heavy metals to Serratia marcescens (SerEW01) from Otamiri River

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Okechi R.N. ◽  
Chukwura E.I. ◽  
Nweke C.O.
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
The Individual

Toxicities of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) + Pb(II), SDS + Cd(II), SDS + Ni(II), SDS + Zn(II), and SDS + Co(II) binary mixtures to Serratia marcescens (SerEW01) isolated from Otamiri river water, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria were undertaken, using dehydrogenase activity as a response. Inhibitions of dehydrogenase activity by the individual toxicants were concentrationdependent, increasing steadily as the concentration increases. The observed EC50S ranged from 0.046 ± 0.003 mM for Zn(II) to 2.329 ± 0.092 mM for SDS. Duncan tests indicated that the EC50S of the individual toxicants differed significantly from each other. The order of decreasing toxicities was Zn(II) > Cd(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II) > Pb(II) > SDS. Fixed ratio mixtures [Arbitrary concentration ratio (ABCR) and EC50 equieffect concentration ratio (EECR 50)] were used to study the joint action of the binary mixtures. The mixtures progressively inhibited dehydrogenase activity in S. marcescens as the concentration increases. However, SDS 98.08% + Co(II) 1.92% mixture ratio was biphasic. The effects of the mixtures on the dehydrogenase activity were assessed using Toxic Index, Model Deviation Ratio and Isobolographic analyses. In addition, the toxicities of the mixtures were predicted with concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. In SDS+Ni(II) binary mixture, both models predicted similar toxicities. In all binary mixtures, both models greatly underestimated the mixture toxicities compared to the experimentally-observed data. Similarly, both the experimentally-observed, CA and IA-predicted EC50S were statistically different from each another. Furthermore, the binary mixtures were generally synergistic against S. marcescens (SerEW01). This demonstrates the potential danger of co-contamination of the aquatic system by SDS and heavy metals

scholarly journals Synergistic Toxicity of Phenols and Cadmium Ion Binary Mixtures on Bacillus Sp and Pseudomonas Sp

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
C. A. M. Abba-Father ◽  
J. C. Orji ◽  
C. E. Nwanyanwu ◽  
R. C. Nwokorie ◽  
E. S. Asiwe
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Dose Dependent Inhibition

Toxicity of Cadmium (Cd), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) as single compounds and binary mixtures on Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp isolated from garden soil was assessed using inhibition of total dehydrogenase as toxicity response. Binary mixtures of metal and chlorophenol were composed using arbitrary concentration ratios (%) corresponding to metal/phenol mixtures of 20/80; 40/60; 50/50 and 30/70; 45/55, 50/50 for the chemical pairs: Cd/4-CP and Cd/2,4-DCP respectively. Results obtained showed that the binary mixtures of Cd/4-CP and Cd/2,4-DCP all exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of dehydrogenase activity in the test isolates. The binary mixture of CD/4-CP exhibited higher toxicity in ratio 40/60 and 20/80 for the isolates Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp with IC50 values of 0.212±0.002 and 0.158± 0.008mM respectively. While for the mixture of Cd/2,4-DCP, toxicity was highest at the 50/50 and 45/55 ratio for Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp with IC50 values of 0.069±0.001mM and 0.068±0.001mM respectively. The binary mixtures of the chemicals evaluated showed a progressive inhibition of dehydrogenase activity with Pseudomonas sp showing a higher susceptibility. Isobolographic analysis of binary mixture interaction against Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp showed largely synergistic interactions. The combination of Cd with the chlorophenols resulted in a synergistic increase in the toxicity of the compounds to the test isolates. The toxicity of Cd/4-CP binary mixture ratios to dehydrogenase activity of Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp was in the order 40:60>50:50>20:80 and 20:80>50:50>40:60 respectively; similarly that of Cd/2,4-DCP mixtures were 50:50>45:55>30:70 and 45:55>50:50>30:70 for Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp respectively. The trend and implications of the toxicity interactions are further discussed.

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