scholarly journals Extraction of Ethanol from Nypa fruticans (Nipa) Palm Fruit

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Karina Milagros R. Cui- Lim ◽  
Judy Ann H. Brensis ◽  
Flyndon Mark S. Dagalea ◽  
Marlon John M. Bangco ◽  
Maria Rosabel Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Flammability Test ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Nipa Palm ◽  
Litmus Test

Northern Samar is abundant when it comes to nipa resource which has a big potential as a raw material for ethanol. Utilization of nipa in Northern Samar is not optimal due to low interest and ability to process into useful products. The main aim of the study is to extract ethanol from nipa fruit to control the shortage of ethyl alcohol in the province. Fermentation was carried out after collection, washing, and cutting of nipa fruit through mixing 15 g of baker’s yeast to convert the sugar into alcohol for 12 days. Then, the distillation process followed to remove the excess water from the alcohol. Lastly, purification was done by adding lime (Calcium oxide) into the distillate in order to obtain ethanol. Result showed that the presence of ethanol was not observed after the 24 hours of fermentation since nipa fruit takes longer time to yield concentrated ethanol. But after 72 hours after fermentation it showed positive result from Iodoform test, Ester test, Litmus test, and Flammability test. It was concluded that nipa palm fruit could be a viable source of ethanol as compared to other plant-producing ethanol.

Study on Particleboard made from Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) stem wood and Rajkoroi (Albizia richardiana) wood

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Md. Mahabubur Rahaman ◽  
◽  
Khurshid Akhter ◽  
S. Hossain ◽  
Md. Rakibul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Standard Specification ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Albizia Richardiana ◽  
Nipa Palm

The study was conducted to find out the suitability of making particleboard using nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) stem wood and rajkoroi (Albizia richardiana) wood chips. Particleboards were fabricated at six different ratios of nipa palm stem and rajkoroi wood chips such as 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 10:90 and 0:100. Characteristics of particleboards such as modulus of rupture, internal bond strength, water absorption, thickness swelling and moisture content were measured. Results shows that particleboards made from 100% rajkoroi wood chips have the highest static bending properties and highest tensile strength properties of other particleboards but 100% nipa palm stem wood chips have the lowest static bending and lowest tensile strength properties of other particleboards. 10% nipa palm stem wood chips particleboard have the highest bending strength and tensile strength is better than 100% nipa palm stem wood chips and other mixing chips of particleboards. Mechanical, water resistance and dimensional stability properties were tested according to Indian standard specification. Tensile strength passed the British and German standard specification and nearest to Bureau of Indian Standard, bending strength was found nearest to Indian Standard but lower than German and British Standard specification. Strength property of rajkoroi wood chips particleboard is higher than nipa palm steam wood chips particleboard but dimensional stability is lower than nipa palm steam wood chips particleboard.

scholarly journals Production process development of Nipa bowl from Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) waste by using solar dryer cabinet for sustainability of Palian river basin community

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
Noppadon Podkumnerd ◽  
Supranee Wunsri ◽  
Sujint Khairin
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Solar Dryer ◽  
Nipa Palm ◽  
Palm Leaf

The objective of this research was to develop the process for the production of Nipa bowls from Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) waste by using solar energy. Two types of solar dryer were investigated, (1) solar dryer cabinet (SDC) and (2) solar dryer cabinet coupled with heater (SDCH) and were compared to the traditional sun dryer (SD) method. The results demonstrated that the use of SDCH could reduce the humidity of the Nipa leaves to 15.23 ± 0.78% within 2 hours. This result was statistically significant at 95% confident compared to those results obtained from SDC (49.91 ± 0.78%) and SD (38.66 ± 0.21%). The dried leaves obtained from the three drying methods were tested for bacterial contamination. For SD, the maximum bacteria contamination was 95,000 ± 40,414 cfu/piece which was higher than SDC (480 ± 173 cfu/piece) and SDCH (463 ± 112 cfu/piece) methods. The SDC and SDCH techniques were implemented at Palian river basin community (Ban Na Yod Tong Nipa Palm Leaf Handicraft) in Wang Won Sub-District, Kantang District,Trang Province, Thailand. These techniques could enhance the drying process of Nipa leaves and thus increase the production of Nipa bowls 3.5 times reducing Nipa waste up to 1.83 tons. The villagers could produce approximately 183,000 bowls/year generating an income of more than 55,800 USD for 60 families.

scholarly journals Possibility of Calcium Oxide from Natural Limestone Including Impurities for Chemical Heat Pump

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
LanXin Lai ◽  
Toshio Imai ◽  
Motohiro Umezu ◽  
Mamoru Ishii ◽  
Hironao Ogura
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydration Reaction ◽  
Chemical Heat ◽  
Chemical Heat Pump ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Save Energy

Improving energy recycle is an important way to save energy resources and preserve the global environment. Chemical heat pump (CHP) is a technology for saving energy, which utilizes chemical reactions to store thermal energy such as waste heat and solar heat, then release it to provide heat for heating/cooling/refrigeration. For a practical CHP, it is necessary to find cheaper and more stable supply materials. In order to evaluate the possibility of calcium oxide from natural Ofunato natural limestone including impurities, we compare Ofunato limestone with Kawara natural limestone and Garou natural limestone from Japan. These calcium oxides worked as a reactant for CaO/H2O/Ca(OH)2 CHP by repeated hydration/dehydration reaction cycle experiments in a thermogravimetric analyzer. As a result, Ofunato CaO exhibits a high hydration reaction rate after decarbonization at 1223 K for 5 h. The reactivity increased by the repeated hydration reaction although the first hydration rate was low. Furthermore, the sintering of impurities in Ofunato limestone occur easier than that in Kawara limestone with lower impurities. The impurities adhered to the surface of the CaO particle to make specific surface area of CaO particle smaller, which could inhibit hydration reaction of CaO particle. Even if Ofunato limestone contains some impurities, it can be utilized as a raw material for chemical heat pumps.

Investigation on Removing Acid-Consuming Gangue from a Copper Tailings by Reverse Flotation

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 3412-3415
Author(s):  
Dan Liu ◽  
Shu Ming Wen ◽  
Yong Jun Xian ◽  
Jiu Shuai Deng
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Test Scheme ◽  
Reverse Flotation ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Leaching ◽  
Copper Tailings ◽  
Main Factors

A technology route of “Reverse flotation of acid-consuming gangue minerals–Acid leaching for copper–Extracting–Electrodepositing” is proposed for recovery copper from tailings with high content of calcium oxide and high content of combined copper oxide. The effect of the main factors involving regulator dosage, collector type and dosage was investigated. On this regard, a open-circuit flotation test scheme was proceeded, by which a concentrate was obtained with 3.84% of CaO grade, 71.57% of CaO recovery, 0.82% of Cu grade and 79.76% of Cu recovery. This concentrate can be directly used for the production of sulfuric acid leaching and preparation of electrolytic copper. This technology can be used to fully utilize Cu from tailings, which will help to extend raw material sourcing for Chinese Cu industry.

scholarly journals Experimental studies on reactive distillation of propionic acid using n-butanol as entrained

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.29) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Raju. Kalakuntala ◽  
R Navya ◽  
T Sisira ◽  
V V. Basava Rao ◽  
Srinath. Surnani
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Reactive Distillation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Batch Distillation ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Weight Percentage

Reactive distillation is a cost effective chemical engineering process intensification method which involves the reaction and separation simultaneously in a single unit. In the present work the system selected was Propionic acid and n-butanol which undergoes esterification reaction to form butyl propionate. Propionic acid is an important raw material from a biodegradable polymer. The experiments were done in both conventional batch distillation and reactive distillation. In conventional batch distillation no catalyst were used were as in reactive distillation amberlite catalyst used with various weight percentage. several experiments performed by varying the initial concentration(i.e. 0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,0.99) of Propionic acid, mole ratios of Propionic acid & n-butanol(that is 1:1 ,1:1.5 ,1:2 And amberlite catalyst weight percent (i.e. 1,2 and 3).the conventional batch distillation and reactive distillation were compared. it is found that maximum conversion obtained in conventional distillation process is 81% and in reactive distillation is 95.1% at the optimum conditions are at initial concentration 0.6 ,mole ratio 1:2 And amberlite catalyst weight percentage 3 .And the recovery of water is more in reactive distillation as compared with the conventional batch distillation .So reactive distillation process is better than conventional distillation.  

The Use of FBC Fly Ash in the Preparation of Portland Cement Clinker

2016 ◽  
Vol 722 ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
Karel Kulísek ◽  
Dominik Gazdič ◽  
Karel Dvořák ◽  
Marcela Fridrichová
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cement Clinker ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Portland Cement Clinker ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fbc Fly Ash

The present work focuses on the use of fluid fly ash for Portland clinker burning. Fluid ashes are carriers of all basic oxides represented in the cement raw meal. However, while the share of hydraulic oxides is in ashes sufficient, there is a significant deficiency in calcium oxide content. Preliminary studies have shown that the combination thereof with calcite as the second essential component of the fluid fly-ashes for the raw material based on Portland clinker burning application, it is necessary to solve a problematic issues. The first one concerns the potential leakage SOx resulting from decomposition of CaSO4 ash into the atmosphere. The second circumstance is the correction tracks raw meal in order to redistribute in the samples prepared under the initial studies, the obtained clinker minerals content in favor of calcium silicate, of them further in favor of alite. The last issue is the evaluation of the impact of fluid utilization of fly ash as a partial raw material bases for reducing CO2 emissions in the Portland clinker burning.

scholarly journals Palm Sap Sources, Characteristics, and Utilization in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teguh Kurniawan ◽  
Jayanudin ◽  
Indar Kustiningsih ◽  
Mochamad Adha Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Poor Quality ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Tree ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Palm Sugar ◽  
Nipa Palm ◽  
Available Technology

Sap from various species palm trees in which known as neera generally produced by traditional technology in Indonesia. There are 5 well known palm species that produce Neera in Indonesia such as arenga palm, coconut tree, doub palm, nipa palm and palm oil. Neera can be utilized as raw material for various derivatives such as palm sugar, sweet palm toddy, and alcoholic toddy. Tapping ofneera is a crucial step because neera prone to immediately degrade and causing poor quality of palm sugar. Traditional sugar processing has some drawbacks for example: low energy efficiency processing and off-specification products. On the other side, sugar palm neera has important antioxidant component which benefits for human that unavailable in normal white sugar from sugarcane. In this current review, characterization of neera from various palms in Indonesia and available technology on sugar palm processing such as spray dryer and membrane ultrafiltration will be discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of Flour Substitution and Sugar Replacement on the Physical, Proximate and Sensory Characteristics of Bread from Whole Wheat, Acha and Pigeon Pea Flour

2019 ◽  
pp. 309-320
Author(s):  
G. E. Liasu-Oni ◽  
S. O. Buraimoh
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Composite Flours ◽  
Pea Flour ◽  
Bread Production ◽  
Sugar Replacement

Whole wheat was cleaned and milled into flour (WWF), acha was sorted, washed and milled into acha flour (AF), pigeon pea was soaked, dehulled, dried and milled into flour (PPF), date palm fruit was cleaned, deseeded, cut, dried and milled into flour (DPFS). The flours were combined in different ratios to obtain composite flours namely WAPC (100% WWF), WAPE (90% WWF and 10% AF), WAPG (80% WWF and 20% AF), WAPH (70% WWF and 30% AF), WAPJ (80% WWF, 10% AF and 10% PPF), WAPK (70% WWF, 10% AF and 10% PPF), WAPL (70% WWF, 15% AF and 15% PPF), WAPM (60% WWF, 20% AF and 20% PPF). The flours were used to bake bread, partial and total sugar replacement was carried out at 50% (WSDC, WSDE, WSDG, WSDH, WSDJ, WSDK, WSDL and WSDM) and 100% (WDPC, WDPE, WDPG, WDPH, WDPJ, WDPK, WDPL and WDPM). WAPC (100% sugar) was used as control. Physical, nutritional and consumer acceptability evaluation were carried out on the formulated bread samples using standard methods. The physical properties of the formulated bread from WWF and AF were comparable to WAPC in terms of the weight and volume. Loaf height, volume and specific volume of WAPC were higher (6.63cm, 1111.67cm3 and 1.82cm3/g respectively) than breads with 50% and 100% sugar substitution. However, the protein content of wheat-acha-pigeon pea composite bread increased significantly from 10.83% to 14.10% WDPH, WSDH were not significantly different from the WAPC in terms of its fibre, ash and fat content. The sensory characteristics of the formulated breads compared favourably with WAPC. Thus, substitution of WWF with AF and PPF may serve as potential raw material for bread production thereby reducing overdependence on wheat, increasing the utilization and cultivation of our local cereal (acha) and increasing nutrient composition of bread. Also, sugar replacement with date palm may increase the utilization of date palm and improve the nutritional value of the breads.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Beban Penggilingan terhadap Kuat Tarik Kertas Seni dari Tandan Kosong Nipah dan Pelepah Pisang

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Agung Eko Sucahyono
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Musa Sapientum ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Load Weight ◽  
Paper Quality

Penggunaan bahan non-kayu sebagai alternatif dalam pembuatan kertas seni sangat dibutuhkan. Namun, kualitas kertas yang dihasilkan seringkali cukup rendah dari sisi kekuatan tariknya. Salah satu alat yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas kertas seni adalah beater machine. Penelitian ini menggunakan tandan kosong nipah (Nypa fruticans) dan batang pisang (Musa sapientum) sebagai bahan baku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara penambahan beban pada mesin beater terhadap kuat tarik kertas seni. Metode yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan variabel bebas yaitu variasi campuran dan berat pembebanan pada mesin beater. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa besar pembebanan pada mesin beater berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kualitas kertas seni, sedangkan komposisi bahan tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap kualitas kertas. Kualitas kertas yang optimal diperoleh pada proporsi bahan baku pelepah nipah dengan campuran pelepah batang pisang 60%:40% dan berat pembebanan 3,9 kg, dengan nilai ketahanan tarik 4,24 kN/m atau 4.240 N/m.Kata kunci: kertas seni, mesin beater, nipah Effect of Refining Load on The Tensile Strength of Nypa and Banana Trunk Art PaperAbstractThe use of non-wood materials as an alternative in making of art paper is needed. However, the quality of the resulting paper is often quite low in terms of its tensile strength. One of the tools used to improve the quality of art paper is a beater machine. This research used nypha and banana trunk as raw material. This study aims to determine the relationship between the addition of load on the beater machine to the tensile strength of art paper. The method used is a randomized complete design with independent variables of variations in mixture and weight of loading on the beater machine. The results showed that the loading of the beater machine had an effect on improving the quality of art paper, while the composition of the material did not significantly affect the quality of the paper. Optimal paper quality was obtained from the proportion of nypa and banana trunk of 60%:40% and load weight of 3,9 kg, where the tensile strength was 4.24 kN/m or 4,240 N/m.Keywords: art paper, beater machine, nypa 

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