scholarly journals Bioactive Composition and Acute Oral Toxicity Studies on Persea Americana Seed Ethyl Acetate Fraction

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
E. S. Asiwe ◽  
C. U. Igwe ◽  
K. M. E. Iheanacho ◽  
I. O. Onyeocha ◽  
V. A. Onwuliri
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Flame Ionization

Aims: Persea americana (P. americana) dubbed ‘green gold’ is a highly sought after fruit today, with insatiable export market. Different parts of avocadoes have been consumed both for nutritional and health benefits across regions of the world. Therefore, this study investigates the bioactive composition of P. americana seed ethyl acetate fraction and acute toxicological effects. Place and duration of study: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; between May 2019 and October, 2019. Methodology: Quantitative phytochemical composition was assessed using gas chromatography fitted with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and acute toxicity determined using standard method. Results: Result of quantitative phytochemical composition of P. americana seed fraction shows a rich presence of phytochemicals such as epicatechin, kaempferol, proanthocyanin, rutin, resveratrol, ribalinidine, naringin, spartein, quinine, flavan-3-ol, anthocyanin, lunamarin, sapogenin, flavonones, flavones. The quantitative phytochemical composition of P. americana seed shows that among other phytochemicals, the seed is relatively rich in anthocyanin, quinine, epicatechin, tannin and proanthocyanin with concentrations of 69.39 ± 8.33 µg/g, 22.16 ±1.77 µg/g, 21.88 ± 2.53 µg/g, 19.86 ± 1.19 µg/g and 10.98 ± 0.55 µg/g respectively. The acute toxicity studies on the seed reveal that the ethyl acetate fraction of P. americana seed did not elicit any lethal signs of morbidity and mortality at doses up to 5000mg/Kgb.wt. and are therefore considered generally safe. Conclusion: P. americana seed ethyl acetate fraction contains essential phytochemicals with useful phyto-medicinal and nutraceutical benefits. The implications of these findings are further discussed.

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Toxicity Assessment of Ethyl Acetate Extracts from Aerial Parts of Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f in Rodents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 13952-13961
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Clerodendrum is a genus of about 500 species belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Several species of this genus have been proved for the treatment of various diseases. Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f were selected in this study; according to the literature available, there is no systematic toxicity studies for this plant were described. The current study was therefore carried out to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity in mice and rats. The acute oral toxicity study was performed in mice following OECD guidelines 425, and the sub-acute toxicity was performed in male and female rats following OECD guidelines 407. The results showed that mice given a single dose of up to 2000 mg/kg orally did not show any toxicity signs or mortality. In the sub-acute toxicity analysis in rats, 3 specific daily doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg for 28 days did not induce any major changes to the hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological studies revealed normal architecture that did not indicate any morphological disturbances. In our study, no deaths or any signs of toxicity were found in acute and subacute toxicity studies after oral administration according to OECD guidelines, which concluded that ethyl acetate extract of Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf (EACT) could use for in vivo biological activity studies in laboratory animals to explore its various medicinal activity before study in human subjects.

Acute and subacute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu (Siddha herbal syrup formulation) in animal model

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Sundaram Malayappan ◽  
Gayathri Natarajan ◽  
Logamanian Mockaiyathevar ◽  
Meenakumari Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Gross Pathology ◽  
Toxicity Studies

Abstract Objectives Madhulai Manappagu – a well-known sastric and widely prescribed Siddha herbal syrup formulation indicated for treating Veluppu Noi (Anaemia especially Iron deficiency Anaemia) has been in day today practice in Tamil Nadu for a quite longer decades. The syrup is a herbal preparation which has a sweet pleasant odour and a palatable taste, contain the juice of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as the main ingredient. Though the formulation is a fruit juice, the safety profile of the syrup is not established and is being marketed without toxicological evaluation. The study is aimed at ascertaining the acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of Madhulai Manappagu in Wistar Albino rats. Methods The acute and sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies were performed as per the guidelines mentioned in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 423 (adopted on December 2001) and TG 407 (adopted on October 2008) with slight modifications respectively. For acute toxicity study, three female rats were randomly selected as control; three female rats were randomly selected and were administered a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. For sub-acute (28day repeated oral) toxicity studies, three doses of test drug MM of 500 mg/kg/day (low dose), 750 mg/kg/day (intermittent dose) and 1,000 mg/kg/day (high dose) were selected for administration. Both sexes of Wistar Albino rats were randomized into four groups of 10 animals each (five males, five females). Group I was kept as control group. Group II, III and IV served as low, intermittent and high doses of MM respectively. Animals were observed for mortality, morbidity, body weight changes, feed and water intake. Haematology, clinical biochemistry, electrolytes, gross pathology, relative organ weight and histopathological examination were performed. Results In the acute toxicity study, rats showed no toxicological signs on behavior, gross pathology and body weight of rats when treated with a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight per oral route. In the subacute (28 days repeated oral) toxicity study, rats have showed no significant changes on behavior, gross pathology, body weight, and hematological and biochemical parameters when treated with Madhulai Manappagu in three different doses. Conclusions The toxicity studies which include both acute and 28 days repeated (subacute) oral toxicity studies, revealed no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Madhulai Manappagu in animals. Thus the safety of the drug in human usage was ensured.

Methods for Route-To-Route Extrapolation of Dose

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Pepelko ◽  
James R. Withey
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Data ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Results of acute toxicity studies for a variety of chemicals have indicated that, in most cases, although the inhalation route was more effective than the IG route, wide variations in toxicity occurred between these two routes. The major factors that may result in variations in toxicity between routes include: (1) differences in absorption efficiency; (2) differences in systemic effects; (3) occurrence of critical toxicological effects at the portal of entry; (4) first-pass effects resulting in inactivation or activation of the chemical agent before it reaches the target organ; and (5) variations in temporal patterns of target organ concentrations. Extrapolation to determine safe exposure levels during chronic exposure becomes less reliable, not only as information relating to these factors decreases, but also as the quality or length of exposure decreases in the available toxicologic studies. VDC is an example of one of a few chemicals for which both chronic inhalation and oral toxicity data are available, along with detailed pharmacokinetic information. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic data, differences in toxicity between the two routes did not appear to be very likely for this chemical. This conjecture was supported by the results of chronic toxicity studies. Finally, assuming sufficient data and pharmacokinetic parameters are available, this paper presents a useful and practical approach to route extrapolation.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity of Leaf Extracts of Enydra fluctuans Lour in Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton)

Scientifica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobi Xavier ◽  
Kshetrimayum Kripasana
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

The present study was focused on the concentration-dependent changes in oral acute toxicity of leaf extracts of E. fluctuans in zebrafish. The study was also aimed at the details of histopathological changes in the gill, liver, brain, and intestine of zebrafish exposed to the leaf extracts of the plant E. fluctuans. Enydra fluctuans Lour is an edible semiaquatic herbaceous plant used widely for the alleviation of the different diseases. Since there were no toxicity studies conducted on this plant, the present study was an attempt to look into the elements of toxicity of the plants. Two types of experiments are conducted in the present study. First, the acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per the OECD guidelines 203. Second, histopathological changes were observed in the fishes exposed to the lethal concentrations of plant extract. The oral acute toxicity studies conducted on Zebrafish have revealed that the leave extracts of E. fluctuans were toxic to the tested fish at the concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight. The histopathological studies conducted on the intestine of treated fishes showed that treatment has induced rupturing of the villi structure and fusion of villi the membrane and detachment of the villi structure from the basal membrane of the intestine. The histology of the liver also showed severe vacuolization in the cells while it is not affected in control. The studies on gills showed the detachment of the basal epithelial membrane in the gills compared to control which might have led to death of the fish. The histopathological observations of brain tissues treated with test samples also revealed the marked impingement in the brain parenchyma while the control is normal without impingement of the brain.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Identification, Acute, and Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity Studies of the Foliar Extract of Withania frutescens

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui ◽  
Mohammed Bourhia ◽  
Fatima Zahra Jawhari ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Meryem Slighoua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Repeated Doses

Withania frutescens (W. frutescens) is a medicinal plant widely used to treat several diseases. This work aims to study phytochemical composition as well as acute and subacute toxicity of W. frutescens hydroethanolic extract in mice. The phytochemical composition of W. frutescens extract was performed using gas chromatographic analysis. Acute toxicity was studied in vivo with oral administration of single doses 400 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 14 days. Subacute toxicity was studied with the administration of repeated doses of 400 mg/kg/day and 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Phytochemical analysis of W. frutescens hydro-ethanolic extract confirmed the presence of interesting chemical compounds. Acute toxicity results showed no toxic symptoms in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg. Alongside acute toxicity, subacute data showed no clinical symptoms nor biochemical or histological alteration in mice treated with an increasing dose up to a maximum of 2000 mg/kg compared to the control group (p < 0.05). This study shows no toxic effects in animals treated with W. frutescens extract, and, therefore, this plant can be considered safe in animals up to 2000 mg/kg under both acute and subacute toxicity conditions.

scholarly journals Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of the Ethyl Acetate Soluble Proanthocyanidins of the Immature Inflorescence of Cocos nucifera L. in Female Wistar Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
C. P. Ekanayake ◽  
M. G. Thammitiyagodage ◽  
S. Padumadasa ◽  
B. Seneviratne ◽  
C. Padumadasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Immature Inflorescence ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Female Wistar Rats

Ayurvedic and traditional medical practitioners of Sri Lanka use the decoction of the immature inflorescence of Cocos nucifera L. (IC) variety aurantiaca for the treatment of menorrhagia. The progestogenic effect of the ethyl acetate soluble proanthocyanidins (EASPA) of the IC in female rats at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight has been reported. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of EASPA of the IC carried out using female Wistar rats according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines 423 and 407, respectively, are reported herein. In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of EASPA (2000 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to rats, which were monitored for 14 days. In the subacute toxicity study, rats were orally administered with EASPA daily for 28 days at doses of 1.75, 3.5, 7, and 14 mg/kg body weight. No rat in either the acute or subacute toxicity study exhibited mortality or clinical signs of toxicity. Further, these rats did not show any significant change in their mean body weight, food, and water intake, haematological and biochemical parameters as well as in the results of their histopathological examinations compared to those of control group rats. According to results of the acute toxicity, the LD50 of EASPA is estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Considering the results of the subacute toxicity study, the oral administration of EASPA daily for 28 days was well tolerated up to the dose, 14 mg/kg by rats. These results will be useful in the development of a novel therapeutic agent from EASPA of the IC for the treatment of menorrhagia, which incapacitates a considerable proportion of women worldwide.

scholarly journals Acute Oral Toxicity Testing of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Garcinia mangostana Linn Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Rahmayanti ◽  
D.F. Suniarti ◽  
Z.A. Mas`ud ◽  
B.M. Bachtiar ◽  
Y.S. Wimardhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

scholarly journals Acute toxicity of Leaf extracts of Enydra fluctuans Lour in Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jobi Xavier ◽  
Kshetrimayum Kripasana
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

AbstractThe present study was focused on the concentration dependent changes in oral acute toxicity of leaf extracts of E. fluctuans in zebrafish. The study was also aimed at the details of histopathological changes in gill, liver, brain and intestine of zebrafish exposed to the leaf extracts of the plant E. fluctuans. Enydra fluctuans Lour is an edible semi-aquatic herbaceous plant used widely for the alleviation of the different diseases. Since there were no toxicity studies conducted on this plant the present study was an attempt to look into the elements of toxicity of the plants. Two types of experiments are conducted in the present study. First, the acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per the OECD guidelines 203. Second, histopathological changes were observed in the fishes exposed to the lethal concentrations of plant extract. The oral acute toxicity studies conducted on Zebrafish have revealed that the leave extracts of E. fluctuans were toxic to the tested fish at the concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight. The histopathological studies conducted on intestine of treated fishes showed that treatment has induced rupturing of villi structure and fusion of villi membrane and detachment of villi structure from basal membrane of intestine. The histology of the liver also showed severe vacuolization in the cells while it is not affected in control. The studies on gills showed the detachment of basal epithelial membrane in gills compared to control which might have led to death of the fish. The histopathological observations of brain tissues treated with test samples also revealed the marked impingement in brain parenchyma while the control is normal without impingement of brain.

scholarly journals Phytochemical composition and pharmacological assessment of callus and parent plant of Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less. from Algerian Sahara

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1895-1901
Author(s):  
Fairouz Belhadi ◽  
Saida Ouafi ◽  
Nadia Bouguedoura
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Purpose: To determine the phytochemical composition, acute toxicity, as well as analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of extracts of the aerial parts and callus cultures of Asteriscus graveolens.Methods: Different standard chemical tests were used for the screening of bioactive compounds in aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Asteriscus graveolens (PAE) and callus (CAE). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to identify the constituents of the glycosidic extract (GE). Acute oral toxicity test was carried out to ascertain the safety of the plant material. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were determined using acetic acid-induced writhing test and carrageenan-induced edema test, respectively.Results: Phytochemical analysis showed some differences in composition between the aerial parts and callus cultures. Results from HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 12 phenolic compounds in the GE of adult plants. In addition to being orally safe (no mortality), all extracts showed significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced chemical pain: PAE and GE produced 63 and 68 % reductions in pain, respectively, relative to 60.26 % pain reduction by aspirin. All extracts exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects, with PAE producing the highest effect (73 %) at a dose of 100 mg/mL.Conclusion: Asteriscus graveolens extracts possess potent pharmacological properties due to the presence of some phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids. These findings provide a scientific basis for the traditional uses of Asteriscus graveolens, and indicate that it is a potential source of antiinflammatory agents. Keywords: Acute toxicity, Anti-nociceptive, Anti-inflammatory, Aqueous extract, Callus, Flavonoids

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