scholarly journals Pythium Soft Rot Management in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) – A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Sunita Behera ◽  
Parshuram Sial ◽  
Himangshu Das ◽  
Kedareswar Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Pythium Soft Rot

Ginger crop is affected by various diseases. Among them rhizome/soft rot is the most damaging one and main production constraint in ginger growing areas. This disease is mainly caused by the Pythium spp. along with association of some others micro-organisms. The severity of Pythium soft rot disease is influenced by different factors related to seed, environment and soil. This study was focused on Pythium soft rot of ginger with special reference to different management strategies. Different cultural measures viz. seed rhizome treatment before storage and sowing, selection of disease free seed rhizome, sowing time, application of soil amendments, good drainage of soil, soil solarization etc. are the important measures for management of ginger soft rot. Seed treatment and soil drenching are the two options of chemical control of soft rot. Seed rhizomes treated with fungicides azoxystrobin 25%, tebuconazole 25.9%, copper oxychloride 50%, carbendazim 50%, propiconazole 25%, metalaxyl-M 4% + mancozeb 64%, metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5%, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63%, tebuconazole 25% + trifloxystrobin 25% and metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64% resulted in effective management. Different fungicide formulations viz. carbendazim 50%, copper oxychloride 50%, metalaxyl-M 4% + mancozeb 64%, metiram 55% + pyraclostrobin 5%, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63%, tebuconazole 25% + trifloxystrobin 25% etc. found effective for spraying. Seed treatment and application of Trichoderma spp. found suitable for effective biological management.

Pythium myriotylum is recovered most frequently from Pythium soft-rot infected ginger rhizomes in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Daly ◽  
Yifan Chen ◽  
Qimeng Zhang ◽  
Hongli Zhu ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Pythium Myriotylum ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Ginger Rhizome ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Pythium Soft Rot

Pythium soft rot is a major soil-borne disease of crops such as ginger (Zingiber officinale). Our objective was to identify which Pythium species were associated with Pythium soft-rot of ginger in China, where approximately 20% of global ginger production is from. Oomycetes infecting ginger rhizomes from seven provinces were investigated using two molecular markers, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (CoxII). In total, 81 isolates were recovered and approximately 95% of the isolates were identified as Pythium myriotylum and the other isolates were identified as either P. aphanidermatum or P. graminicola. Notably, the P. myriotylum isolates from China did not contain the SNP in the CoxII sequence found previously in the P. myriotylum isolates infecting ginger in Australia. A subset of 36 of the isolates was analyzed repeatedly by temperature-dependent growth, severity of disease on ginger plants and aggressiveness of colonization of ginger rhizome sticks. In the pathogenicity assays, 32/36 of the isolates were able to significantly infect and cause severe disease symptoms on the ginger plants. A range of temperature-dependent growth, disease severity and aggressiveness in colonization was found with a significant moderate positive correlation between growth and aggressiveness of colonization of the ginger sticks. This study identified P. myriotylum as the major oomycete pathogen in China from infected ginger rhizomes and suggests that P. myriotylum should be a key target to control soft rot of ginger disease.

Currutaca: A Pythium Soft Rot of Xanthosoma and Colocasia spp. in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
L. A. Alvarez-García ◽  
A. Cortés-Monllor
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Soft Rot Disease ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Percent Relative Humidity ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Clean Seed ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Pythium Soft Rot

The fungus Pythium ultimum Trow, was found the causal agent of a soft rot disease of taniers [Xanthosoma sagittaefolium (L.) Schott.] and taros [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott.]. A yellow pigmented bacterium occasionally associated with the rot turned out to be a saprophyte. Roots of diseased plants became mucilaginous and decayed rapidly. The infected rhizomes were soft and cheesy. The base of infected petioles were water-soaked and the leaves collapsed. The fungus was isolated in pure culture and grew well in most culture agar media, producing abundant sporangia at 20-30° C., but failed to grow at temperatures below 12° C. or above 36° C. Varieties of taniers and taro inoculated with P. ultimum showed differential degrees of susceptibility to infection when kept in an environment of 90-percent relative humidity and a temperature of 20° C. Definitive measures to control the disease effectively are not known. Use of clean "seed", planting in well drained soils, and crop rotation practices, however, have been recommended.

scholarly journals Role of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Trichoderma spp. in the control of root rot disease of soybean

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ehteshamul-Haque ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Root Rot Disease ◽  
Rot Disease

Seed treatment of soybean with <i>Bndyrhizobium japonicum, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. hamatum, T. koningii</i> and <i>T. pseudokoningii</i> significantly controlled the infection of 30-day-old seedlingsby <i>Maerophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. In 60-day-old plants <i>Trichoderma</i> spp.. and <i>B. japonicum</i> inhibited the grouth of <i>R. solani</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp., whereas the use of <i>B. japonicum</i> (TAL-102) with <i>T. harzianum. T. viride, T. koningii</i> and <i>T. pseudokoningii</i> controlled the infection by <i>M. phaseolina. Greater grain yield was recorded when B. <i>japonium</i> (TAI-102) was used with <i>T. hamatum</i>.

scholarly journals First Report in China of Soft Rot of Ginger Caused by Pythium aphanidermatum

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 1011-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Li ◽  
L. G. Mao ◽  
D. D. Yan ◽  
X. M. Liu ◽  
T. T. Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pythium Soft Rot

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important commercial crop planted on more than 13,000 ha annually in Anqiu city, Shandong Province, China. From 2010 to 2011, the incidence of Pythium soft rot disease on cv. Laiwu Big Ginger reached 40 to 75% in Anqiu and yield losses of up to 60% were observed. The disease symptoms included brown spots on ginger rhizomes followed by soft rot, stems and leaves above ground becoming withered and yellow, and water soaking on the collar region. The soft rot did not produce offensive odors, which is different from bacterial rots (2). Forty symptomatic rhizomes were sampled from eight farms. Martin's method (1) was used to isolate the pathogen. Ten pieces from each rhizome were washed with sterile distilled water for 30 s and plated on Martin's selective medium at 26°C in a chamber without light. Colonies grew with cottony aerial mycelium. Main hyphae were 5.7 to 9.6 μm wide. Globose sporangia consisting of terminal complexes of swollen hyphal branches were 11.4 to 18.3 μm wide. The average diameter of zoospores was 9.2 μm. The oogonia were globose and smooth, with a diameter of 21 to 33 μm. The sequences of the rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene of five isolates were amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4), and the nucleotide sequence was the same as isolate No. 2, which was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC594034). A BLAST search showed 99% identity with Pythium aphanidermatum strain 11-R-8 (Accession No. JQ898455.1). Pathogenicity tests of five isolates were carried out in a greenhouse. Sixty plants (cv. Laiwu Big Ginger) were grown for 30 days in plastic pots (diameter 20 cm) in sandy soil (pH 5.48) and inoculated. Ten plants were used as untreated controls. Five isolates were grown on Martin's liquid medium for 72 h and the spores were harvested in sterile distilled water. Aqueous spore suspensions of the five isolates were adjusted with deionized water to 1 × 108 CFU/ml and injected with a syringe into the soil around the rhizome of the plants. Plants were then placed in the greenhouse at 24 to 26°C and assessed for rhizome rot on the 14th day after inoculation. The inoculated isolates were recovered from the diseased rhizomes, confirming their pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ginger Pythium soft rot caused by P. aphanidermatum in China. Ginger Pythium soft rot caused by P. myriotylum is reported in Taiwan (3). References: (1) F. N. Martin. Page 39 in: The Genus Pythium. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1992. (2) E. E. Trujillo. Diseases of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Hawaii, Circular 62, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Hawaii, December 1964. (3) P. H. Wang. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 36:116, 2003. (4) T. J. White. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

Isolation and Molecular Characterisation of Ginger (Zingiber officinale. rosc.) Soft Rot Pathogenic Fungi from Champhai District of Mizoram, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Albana L. Chawngthu ◽  
◽  
G. Rosangkima ◽  
Vanram liana ◽  
Chhungpuii Khawlhring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Rdna

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.,Zingiberaceae) is an important crop grown in India known for its therapeutic uses. Wilting caused by bacteria, soft rot and yellow disease caused by fungi are the major diseases affecting Ginger production and its cultivation hampering its growth and development. The current study emphasize on the morphological and molecular identification of fungal pathogens causing soft rot disease in ginger that have become one of the major problem among farmers of Mizoram, India as a result of which resulted in a huge decline in rhizome yield and its production. Nevertheless, due to limited studies of the medicinal plants the causative agents associated with these plants are not available. The objective of this study is to investigate the diversity of fungi that cause soft rot in ginger. Twenty fungi were successfully isolated from four villages of Champha iDistrict, Mizoram. The fungi isolated from the infected rhizome were cultured and identification was carried out using morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of DNA sequence generated from Internal Transcribed Spacer rDNA region. Of the samples collected, F. solani,F. oxysporum, P. myriotylum were the most common causative agents. Much research work has yet to be undertaken explore the diversity of pathogrnic fungi causing soft rot in Mizoram which could be very significant in introducing competent and eco-friendly disease management programme.

scholarly journals Control of Rhizome Rot Disease of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose) by Chemicals, Soil Amendments and Soil Antagonis

2010 ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ayub ◽  
N Sultana ◽  
MI Faruk ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
ANM Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Rhizome Rot

Two field experiments were conducted at domar and sadar upzilla of Nilphamari district to find out an effective control measure against rhizome rot (Pythium aphanidermatam) disease of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose). Each experiment consisted of nine treatments, where three fungicides (Ridomil, Metataf and Secure), three organic amendments (poultry refuse, mustard oilcake and saw dust burning) and two bio control agents (Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride) were tested. Fungicides were used as seed treatment and soil drenching and organic materials and bio control agents were used as pre plant soil amendments. All the treatments significantly decreased the incidence and severity of the diseases and increased germination, tiller number and rhizome yield. The most effective treatment was seed treatment (0.2%) and soil drenching (0.2%) with Ridomil gold. Seed treatment and soil drenching with Secure (0.1%) and soil amendment with poultry refuse (10 t/ha) were also found to be effective to control the diseases and to increase rhizome yield.

scholarly journals Heart Rot of Pomegranate: Disease Etiology and the Events Leading to Development of Symptoms

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ezra ◽  
Benny Kirshner ◽  
Michal Hershcovich ◽  
Dani Shtienberg ◽  
Itzhak Kosto
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Causative Pathogen ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Pomegranate Fruit ◽  
Organ Colonization

Pomegranate fruit rot disease, known as “heart rot” or “black heart,” is a major pomegranate disease that impacts production worldwide. Heart rot is characterized by black rot of the fruit core that spreads from the calyx area, whereas the outer peel and the hard rind retain their healthy appearance. Aims of the present study were to identify the pathogen that causes pomegranate heart rot in Israel and to study the dynamics of fruit-organ colonization by fungi during fruit development, as the first steps toward the development of management strategies. Several fungi were isolated from pomegranate fruits, among which were species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Botrytis, and Rhizopus, but the causative pathogen of the disease was identified as Alternaria alternata. This fungus was isolated from the pistils of more than 85% of open flowers and ∼20% of the loculi of asymptomatic fruits and from all tissues of the symptomatic fruits. The dynamics of fruit-organ colonization by fungi during fruit development was recorded in six commercial orchards in 2010 and 2011. It was found that A. alternata spores germinate on the stigmata of open flowers and develop into the style. In some fruits, the mycelium grows into the tunnel and reaches the lower loculus, where the fungus becomes latent for about 3 to 4 months pending initiation of fruit ripening. Then, in a small number of fruits, the fungus starts growing and invades the arils, causing black rot of the arils in the lower loculus. At the beginning of disease development, the fungus causes brown soft rot of the arils, which becomes black and dry as the fungus grows. Eventually, the fungus grows from the lower loculus into the upper loculi, causing rot of the entire fruit.

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