scholarly journals Effect of Moringa oleifera as Water Coagulant on the Physico-chemical Properties of Gulbi-water

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
N. S. Donaldben ◽  
E. I. Chukwuma ◽  
A. L. Chinwende
Keyword(s):  
Water Sample ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
World Health ◽  
Polyaluminum Chloride ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Health Organization

Availability of clean water is a serious problem, especially in developing countries like Nigeria; Water for consumption purpose needs to be treated to meet the quality guidelines of 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) according to World Health Organization, Wastewater treatment are mostly using Polyaluminum Chloride, a synthetic coagulant, which possess health risk and require expensive cost. This research was carried out to observe the effect of Moringa oleifera seed as natural coagulant to replace synthetic coagulant. Highly turbid water was collected from Gulbi River in Kaura-namoda, Zamfara State. Nigeria. M. oleifera seed was processed into flour and de-fated with different organic solvent. (AOY = Normal borehole water, BOY = Raw water sample from the river, COY = Water treated with (de-fated M. oleifera flour with Chloroform.), DOY = Water sample with (de-fated M. Oleifera flour with acetone), EOY = Water sample with (de-fated M. Oleifera flour with diethyl ether.), FOY = Water sample with Alum, GOY = Water sample with unde-fated M. oleifera flour) and used as a coagulant in place of aluminium sulphate (Alum). Collected water samples were treated with different Moringa oleifera flour coagulants samples The water treated with different coagulants samples were analyzed based on physic-chemical properties. The pH values ranged from 5.6 to 6.7. The turbidity, conductivity, total solid, temperature and coliform ranged from 4.19 to 76.5 NTU, 94.0 to 188.4 μS/cm, 45.5 to 89.3 mg/l, 30.4 to 33.8ºC and 9 × 402cfu, respectively. The work has been considered as revolutionary for small household applications in rural areas, where water purification is absent and M. oleifera trees are abundantly available.

scholarly journals Rain Water Characterization at Urban and Rural (North B) Unguja

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul A. J. Mohamed ◽  
Ussi Makame Kombo ◽  
Miza Ali Kombo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Health Organization

Aim of the study was to assess the physicochemical characteristics of rainwater at urban and rural (north B) Unguja. Twenty four (24) rainwater samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) and cations: calcium (Ca2+), copper (Cu2+), iron (Fe2+), chromium (Cr VI) , and anions: fluoride (F-), nitrite and sulfate (SO42-). The investigated physicochemical parameters in the rainwater samples were within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water quality guidelines. The ranges of concentration for the physical parameters analyzed were; pH: (5.8 – 7.7), EC: (5.08 – 35.6 µS/cm),  TDS: (1.68 – 20.16 mg/L, Ca: (0.163 – 24.331 mg/L), Cr: (VI) : (BDL – 0.029 mg/L), Cu: (BDL - 0.085 mg/L); Fe: (BDL – 0.068), anions were SO42- : (BDL – 5.00 mg/L) and F- : (BDL – 0.5 mg/L). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference for the measured parameters between urban and rural areas. This is a good indication that the air quality in Zanzibar is remarkably not polluted with respect to the parameters studied.

scholarly journals Physical Activity Patterns in India Stratified by Zones, Age, Region, BMI and Implications for COVID-19: A Nationwide Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312199850
Author(s):  
Vivek Podder ◽  
Raghuram Nagarathna ◽  
Akshay Anand ◽  
Patil S. Suchitra ◽  
Amit Kumar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Home Work ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Physically Inactive ◽  
At Home

Rationale: India has a high prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which can be lowered by regular physical activity. To understand this association, recent population data is required which is representative of all the states and union territories of the country. Objective: We aimed to investigate the patterns of physical activity in India, stratified by zones, body mass index (BMI), urban, rural areas, and gender. Method: We present the analysis of physical activity status from the data collected during the phase 1 of a pan-India study. This ( Niyantrita Madhumeha Bharata 2017) was a multicenter pan-India cluster sampled trial with dual objectives. A survey to identify all individuals at a high risk for diabetes, using a validated instrument called the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS), was followed by a two-armed randomized yoga-based lifestyle intervention for the primary prevention of diabetes. The physical activity was scored as per IDRS (vigorous exercise or strenuous at work = 0, moderate exercise at home/work = 10, mild exercise at home/work = 20, no exercise = 30). This was done in a selected cluster using a mobile application. A weighted prevalence was calculated based on the nonresponse rate and design weight. Results: We analyzed the data from 2,33,805 individuals; the mean age was 41.4 years (SD 13.4). Of these, 50.6% were females and 49.4% were males; 45.8% were from rural areas and 54% from urban areas. The BMI was 24.7 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 . Briefly, 20% were physically inactive and 57% of the people were either inactive or mildly active. 21.2% of females were found physically inactive, whereas 19.2% of males were inactive. Individuals living in urban localities were proportionately more inactive (21.7% vs. 18.8%) or mildly active (38.9% vs. 34.8%) than the rural people. Individuals from the central (29.6%) and south zones (28.6%) of the country were also relatively inactive, in contrast to those from the northwest zone (14.2%). The known diabetics were found to be physically inactive (28.3% vs. 19.8%) when compared with those unaware of their diabetic status. Conclusion: 20% and 37% of the population in India are not active or mildly active, respectively, and thus 57% of the surveyed population do not meet the physical activity regimen recommended by the World Health Organization. This puts a large Indian population at risk of developing various NCDs, which are being increasingly reported to be vulnerable to COVID-19 infections. India needs to adopt the four strategic objectives recommended by the World Health Organization for reducing the prevalence of physical inactivity.

scholarly journals Iodization of table salt and attitudes and habits in relation to the use of salt in general population

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Gorica Sbutega-Milosevic ◽  
Zorica Djordjevic ◽  
Zoran Marmut ◽  
Boban Mugosa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
World Population ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction. Combating nutritional deficiencies of micronutrients, such as iodine, represents a priority task of health care organizations. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the publication: Global Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), according to which some 2,2 billion people live in areas poor in naturally occurring iodine. Approximately 13% of the world population suffer from goitre - one of the IDD. The recommended iodine content in table salt is 20-40 mg/kg, which should satisfy the daily iodine requirements of an adult. Objective. The authors sought to ascertain whether iodization of table salt in Montenegro was carried out in accordance with the existing legislature. An assessment was also carried out of the attitudes and habits of the population regarding the use of salt in nutrition and the level of awareness in relation to the relevance of table salt iodization. Methods. The research was carried out in 2004 and was sponsored by UNICEF. A sample of 594 homes from the municipalities of Bar and Podgorica was chosen: 354 homes from urban and 240 from rural areas. The participants completed a questionnaire related to the daily use and intake of salt, as well as their understanding of the relevance of table salt iodization. Iodine content was tested in 15 samples of table salt at production level, 170 samples at retail level and 126 samples taken from domestic use. Results. The analysis of table salt samples showed an optimal iodine level in 73.3% of samples from production, in 81.2% from retail, and in 73.0% from domestic use. A lower level of iodine was found in 8.8% retail samples and 15.1% samples from home use. A greater concentration of iodine was found in 26.7% production, 10.0% retail and 11.9% samples from domestic use. Conclusion. Although the application of the WHO programme has led to an improvement in iodization of table salt in Montenegro, both at production and retail levels, this still falls short of the standards recommended by WHO to combat IDD. The levels of iodine in table salt in domestic use also fail to comply with the WHO criteria for elimination of IDD.

Drug control: a prerequisite for health

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1174) ◽  
pp. 159-163
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Care Needs ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Limited List

The purchase of drugs employs an increasingly large part of the health budget of many Third World countries. Like health care expenditure as a whole, drug spending is heavily biased in favour of urban hospitals, often for expensive proprietary drugs that offer little benefit over cheaper preparations. As a result, because limited funds are available, vaccines and drugs for prevention and primary care are sometimes unavailable, especially in rural areas. The World Health Organization and many individual countries have responded to the problem of drug costs by creating a limited list of drugs considered essential for health care needs. Other methods of curtailing spending on drugs have included tendering for supplies and the establishment of plants to manufacture and formulate drugs. Controls of this type meet enormous resistance from doctors and pharmaceutical manufacturers, but are vital for the implementation of policies for appropriate health care.

scholarly journals Study of the properties of drinking water for Kirkuk city and its pollution in some areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 05008
Author(s):  
Iman Hussein Zainulabdeen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Treatment Water ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This study was conducted to demonstrate the difference between drinking water quality for seven different areas of Kirkuk city with the treatment water in the main and three sub storages tanks, affected with drinking water pipe lines, supplying system Alternate and continuous and also pipes across the construction work’s areas. The physical and chemical properties (turbidity, pH, conductivity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, TDS (Total dissolve solids), TSS (Total suspended solids), sodium and potassium) for raw water and treated water in the Storages in addition to the supplying water from seven different areas in Kirkuk were analyzed, samples taken at a rate nine times during the month of March. Results showed that Drinking water of Dumez, Wasti, Shorja, Imam Qasim and Arubaa polluted with turbidity with an average levels of (8.68, 6.04, 7.41, 6.95, 7.64) NTU respectively, over the limit allowed by IBWA (International Bottled Water Association), 2012 and WHO (World Health Organization), 2006. The turbidity in the main and sub storages have reached (4.04, 4.09, 4.47, 4.16) NTU respectively, while other physical and chemical properties were within the allowed limits for human use. The pollution in those areas caused by the alternative supplying system of treatment water and it has negative impact on the pipelines, it includes constriction work in areas also where pipelines exist.

scholarly journals Self-supply as an alternative approach to water access in rural scattered regions: evidence from a rural microcatchment in Colombia

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilmar Torres-López ◽  
Inés Restrepo-Tarquino ◽  
Charlotte Patterson ◽  
John Gowing ◽  
Isabel Dominguez Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
External Support ◽  
World Health ◽  
Unfinished Business ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Health Organization

<p>Globally, access to improved water sources is lower in rural areas compared to urban areas. Furthermore, in rural areas many people use water from individual systems they have developed with their investments, often without external support. This phenomenon has been called Self-supply. Self-supply ranges from simple to complex systems and different water sources. Water quality varies, from achieving World Health Organization (WHO) standards (0 CFU/100 ml) to systems that provide water posing high risks to human health. While most studies in Self-supply have been developed in Africa, little is known in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). This research explores Self-supply in a rural microcatchment in Colombia (LAC). Data was collected through household and drinking water surveys and analysed. Results showed that 40% of households used Self-supply systems taking water from springs and brooks. Thermotolerant Coliforms were below 50 CFU/100 ml, both in dry and rainy season, and between 5 to 7% of samples achieved the WHO standard. These results suggest that Self-supply has potential to offer safe drinking water, provided improvements on source protection and institutional support. Therefore, Self-supply could contribute to address “unfinished business”, including ensuring access for the hardest-to-reach people, as stated in the post-2015 development agenda.</p>

Determination of Heavy Metals in Damascus Drinking Water Using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.H. Bakraji ◽  
J. Karajo
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
World Health ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and chemical preconcentration have been applied for multi-elemental analysis of Damascus drinking water. Water was taken directly from taps of several city sectors and analyzed for the following trace elements: Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Pb. The detection limits were found to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 µg/L. The mean levels of trace elements in the Damascus drinking water were below the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Quality of Borehole and Sachet Water from a Community in Southeastern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogueri Nwaiwu ◽  
Chiugo Claret Aduba ◽  
Oluyemisi Eniola Oni
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sachet Water ◽  
Virulence Properties

Water from boreholes and packaged commercial sachet water from different areas in a community in southern Nigeria was analyzed with membrane filtration for a snapshot of heterotrophic count and coliforms. Two boreholes out of the 20 analyzed had counts of over 500 Cfu/mL and 7 boreholes indicated the presence of coliforms. Sixteen samples out of 20 sachet water brands analyzed showed a regulatory product registration code, whereas 4 samples had no number or code indicating that they were not registered. The heterotrophic count of all sachet water was well within the limit for all samples analyzed, and coliform was detected in only two samples. The overall quality of borehole water in the community studied was rated D (65%), whereas the sachet water was rated C (90%) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance guidelines. Improvements in water quality structure in the community studied are required to help achieve WHO sustainable development goals on water sanitation. The etiology, virulence properties, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of bacteria associated with borehole and sachet water are also discussed.

scholarly journals Collaboration between traditional healers and psychiatrists in Sudan

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Sorketti ◽  
N. Z. Zuraida ◽  
M. H. Habil
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The importance of traditional healing in low- and middle-income countries cannot be under estimated. It is generally perceived as part of the prevailing belief system and traditional healers are often seen as the primary agents for psychosocial problems in these countries; estimates of their service share range from 45% to 60% (World Health Organization, 1992). The World Health Organization (2000) estimated that 80% of people living in rural areas in low- and middle-income countries depend on traditional medicine for their health needs.

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