Kriging: An advanced Geostatistical Tool to Interpolate the Textural Variation Influences the Yield and Productivity of Tapioca (Manihot esculenta) in Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu, India

Soil texture is a vital variable that reflects a number of soil properties such as Bulk Density, Particle Density, Infiltration Rate, Hydraulic conductivity, Water holding capacity, nutrient storage and availability as well as transport and binding and stability of soil aggregates. For better tuber development in cassava soil texture plays vital role. The main objective of this study is to produce kriged maps (Ordinary kriging map and semivariogram) to interpolate the soil texture for Tapioca growing soils of Paramthy block, Namakkal District at unsampled locations. In this study, nearly 54 surface samples were collected covering 19,149 ha of agriculture land with dominant cultivation of Tapioca. This study helps spatial interpolation of unsampled location of soil texture i.e. sand, silt and clay content which rules the soil physical, chemical and hydrological properties. The average standard error for sand and clay are 0.2 and 0.19 respectively. The results such as provided maps and their associated variance can be used as data source for the development and implementation of further land management and soil water conservation plans in the study area.

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Wetting rate, sodicity, and soil texture effects on infiltration rate and runoff

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr01029 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 1293 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

A. I. Mamedov ◽

G. J. Levy ◽

I. Shainberg ◽

J. Letey

Keyword(s):

Soil Texture ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Clay Content ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Soil Infiltration ◽

Soil Sodicity ◽

Surface Sealing ◽

Sodium Percent ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Wetting Rate

Surface sealing is determined by aggregate disintegration and clay dispersion, which in turn depend on aggregate wetting rate, and soil sodicity and texture. We hypothesised that soil susceptibility to seal formation increases when the aggregate wetting rate (WR) is increased, and that the effect of WR depends on soil texture and soil sodicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of WR on seal formation, by observing infiltration rate (IR) and runoff, in cultivated soils varying in clay content and exchangeable sodium percent (ESP). Effects of 3 wetting rates (2, 8, and 64 mm/h) on IR and runoff from 6 Israeli soils exposed to 60 mm of simulated rain of deionised water were studied in the laboratory. The soils ranged in clay from 8.8 to 68.3% and ESP levels from 0.9 to 20.4. Effects of WR on soil infiltration rate and runoff depended on soil texture and soil ESP. In soils with low clay content (8.8%), the effect of WR on seal formation was negligible, whereas effect of ESP was significant. Conversely, in clay soils (>52.1%), WR had a predominant effect on IR and runoff, while the effect of ESP was notable yet secondary to that of WR. The soils with intermediate clay content (22.5–40.2% clay) were the soils most susceptible to seal formation, with WR and ESP having moderate effects on seal formation. Effects of WR on aggregate disintegration and seal formation increased with increasing clay content and aggregate stability. Conversely, the role of ESP in determining sealing decreased with an increase in clay content and in WR.

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Soil Texture Alters the Impact of Salinity on Carbon Mineralization

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010128 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 128

Author(s):

Ruihuan She ◽

Yongxiang Yu ◽

Chaorong Ge ◽

Huaiying Yao

Keyword(s):

Soil Texture ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Microbial Community Composition ◽

Clay Content ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Silty Clay ◽

C Mineralization ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Silty Clay Soil

Soil salinization typically inhibits the ability of decomposer organisms to utilize soil organic matter, and an increase in soil clay content can mediate the negative effect of salinity on carbon (C) mineralization. However, the interactive effects of soil salt concentrations and properties on C mineralization remain uncertain. In this study, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of soil salt content (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.0%) and texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silty clay soil with 6.0%, 23.9% and 40.6% clay content, respectively) on C mineralization and microbial community composition after cotton straw addition. With increasing soil salinity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the three soils decreased, but the effect of soil salinity on the decomposition of soil organic carbon varied with soil texture. Cumulative CO2 emissions in the coarse-textured (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) soils were more affected by salinity than those in the fine-textured (silty clay) soil. This difference was probably due to the differing responses of labile and resistant organic compounds to salinity across different soil texture. Increased salinity decreased the decomposition of the stable C pool in the coarse-textured soil, by reducing the proportion of fungi to bacteria, whereas it decreased the mineralization of the active C pool in the fine-textured soil through decreasing the Gram-positive bacterial population. Overall, our results suggest that soil texture controlled the negative effect of salinity on C mineralization through regulating the soil microbial community composition.

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Influence of Compaction Energy and Bentonite Clay Content in the Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.858 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 851 ◽

pp. 858-863

Author(s):

Osvaldo de Freitas Neto ◽

Olavo Francisco dos Santos Jr. ◽

Fagner Alexandre Nunes de França ◽

Ricardo Nascimento Flores Severo

Keyword(s):

Soil Sample ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

Particle Density ◽

Bentonite Clay ◽

Clay Content ◽

Capital City ◽

Silty Sand ◽

Laboratory Test Results ◽

Compaction Energy ◽

Field Works

This paper intends to evaluate changes in permeability of a soil sample from Formação Barreiras, in Natal, the capital city of Rio Grande do Norte State, related to the degree of compaction and the adding of clay to the soil sample. In field works, samples were collected and permeability and density tests were performed. In laboratory, grain size distribution, Attemberg limits and particle density tests were conducted. Afterwards, compaction and permeability tests fulfilled the set of laboratory tests, with changes in compactive energy and sample clay content. The results from field and laboratory tests were compared and the relationship between compaction energy and sample clay content were portrayed. The soil was classified as silty sand. Field and laboratory test results were quite similar. As expected, the tests indicated that permeability is inversely proportional to both compaction energy and sample clay content in the soil tested.

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Effect of Nano Clay on Mechanical Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.877.294 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 877 ◽

pp. 294-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kundan Patel ◽

Jay Patel ◽

Piyush Gohil ◽

Vijaykumar Chaudhary

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Clay Content ◽

Weight Fraction ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Vital Role ◽

Bamboo Fiber ◽

Nano Clay ◽

Different Types ◽

Polyester Composite

Composite materials play a vital role in many industrial applications. Researchers are working on fabrication of new composite materials worldwide to enhance the applicability of these materials. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Nano clay loading as filler on the mechanical properties of the bamboo fiber yarn reinforced polyester composite. Five different types of composite specimen were prepared with Nano clay loadings of 0 to 4 % weight fraction using hand lay-up technique. It was observed that the composite sheet with 1 wt % nano clay content exhibited the optimized tensile and flexural strength. However the mechanical properties tend to decrease with addition of nano clay content from 2 to 4 wt %. In spite of that the values of mechanical properties with 2 and 3 wt % nano clay content is higher than 0 wt % nano clay content.

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Effect of Botanical Pesticides on Soil Fertility of Coffee-Orchards

Journal of Agriculture and Environment ◽

10.3126/aej.v9i0.2112 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 16-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bhanu B. Panthi ◽

Bhupendra Devkota ◽

Jyoti U. Devkota

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Fertility ◽

Soil Nutrients ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Clay Content ◽

High Positive Correlation ◽

Botanical Pesticides ◽

Agriculture And Environment ◽

Commercial Crop

Coffee (Coffea arabica; Rubiaceae) is a potential and emerging commercial crop. Coffee is planted in the midhills of Nepal (800 to 1250 meter above mean sea level) in Gulmi and Lalitpur districts. To control the major insect pests of coffee plant, locally prepared ‘jaibik bishadi’ (botanical pesticides) are used as alternatives of the synthetic insecticides. This study was undertaken to see the contribution of ‘jaibik bishadi’ in the fertility of the coffee orchards soil, for which soil samples from botanicals used and not used coffee orchards were collected to see the level of soil characteristics and soil nutrients such as soil texture, organic matter, soil nutrients (phosphorous and potassium). There was some difference in the soil texture of topsoil, but no difference could be seen in sand, silt and clay content of the subsoils from botanical used and not used orchards. The pH was significantly different between botanical used and not used soils, but such difference could not be observed between the topsoil and subsoil from the same sites. Jaibik bishadi used to control the coffee pests significantly contributed in the soil fertility, which could be seen in high positive correlation (r=0.9886) between organic matter and nitrogen in the soil.Keywords: Coffee, jaibik bishadi, topsoil, subsoil, soil fertilityThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:9, Jun.2008 page: 16-22

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Geophysical mapping of soil texture variability in the root zone to improve modelling of the water and nutrient flow.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19586 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kim Schwartz Madsen ◽

Bo Vangsø Iversen ◽

Christen Duus Børgesen

Keyword(s):

Soil Texture ◽

Hydraulic Properties ◽

Root Zone ◽

Clay Fraction ◽

Clay Content ◽

Auxiliary Variable ◽

Pedotransfer Functions ◽

Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽

Sampling Density ◽

Soil Hydraulic

Modelling is often used to acquire information on water and nutrient fluxes within and out of the root zone. The models require detailed information on the spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties derived from soil texture and other soil characteristics using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Soil texture can vary considerably within a field and is cumbersome and expensive to map in details using traditionally measurements in the laboratory. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil have shown to correlate with its textural composition.This study investigates the ability of electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods to predict clay content in three soil layers of the root zone. As the clay fraction often is a main predictor in PTFs predicting soil hydraulic properties this parameter is of high interest. EMI and soil textural surveys on four Danish agricultural fields with varying textural composition were used. Sampling density varied between 0.5 and 38 points per hectare. The EMI data was gathered with a Dualem21 instrument with a sampling density 200-3000 points per hectare. The EC values were used together with the measured values of the clay content creating a statistical relationship between the two variables. Co-kriging of the clay content from the textural sampling points with the EC as auxiliary variable produces clay content maps of the fields. Unused (80%) texture points were used for validation. EMI-predicted clay content maps and clay content maps based on the survey were compared. The two sets of soil texture maps are used as predictors for PTF models to predict soil hydraulic properties as input in field-scale root zone modelling.The comparisons between EC and clay content show some degree of correlation with an R2 in the range of 0.55 to 0.80 for the four fields. The field with the highest average clay content showed the best relationship between the two parameters. Co-kriging with EC decreased mean error by 0.016 to 0.52 and RMSE by 0.04 to 1.80 between observed and predicted clay maps.

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MASS PATTERNS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN TAMIL NADU

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i9(se).2016.2510 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (9(SE)) ◽

pp. 57-62

Author(s):

Rajendran ◽

Udaya Kumar

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

New Technology ◽

Vital Role ◽

Educational Service ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

Education plays a vital role for economic development of any nation. It reduces social and economic disparities in society. This study explores the public and private higher educational institutions and literacy level of Tamil Nadu. The literacy rate indicates educational level of total population. Education makes and ushers knowledge economy of a country. The importance of educational service is forever growing in the public and private sectors. Education facilitates the acquisition of new technology, skills and knowledge that ultimately increases productivity in rural and urban areas of India. Public and Private partnership institutions play an important role in delivering educational service in the society and itsrole for delivering general and technical educationfor achieving economic development and its producing skill and knowledge of human resource.

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Influence of soil texture on fertilizer and soil phosphorus transformations in Gleysolic soils

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s02-073 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 395-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Z. Zheng ◽

L. E. Parent ◽

J. A. MacLeod

Keyword(s):

Soil Texture ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Clay Content ◽

P Uptake ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

P Fractionation ◽

Soil P ◽

Plant P Uptake ◽

Heavy Clay

The P dynamics in soils should be quantified in agricultural soils to improve fertilizer P (FP) efficiency while limiting the risk of P transfer from soils to water bodies. This study assessed P transformations following FP addition to Gleysolic soils. A pot experiment was conducted with five soils varying in texture from sandy loam to heavy clay, and receiving four FP rates under barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotations. A modified Hedley procedure was used for soil P fractionation. Soil resin-P and NaHCO3-Pi contents were interactively affected by texture and FP. The NaHCO3-Po, NaOH-Po, HCl-P and H2SO4-P were only affected by soil texture. Proportions of 78 and 90% of the variation in labile and total P were, respectively, related to soil clay content. The FP addition increased resin-P, NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi and -Po contents in coarse-textured soils, but the amount added was not sufficient to mask the initial influence of soil texture on the sizes of soil P pools. Plant P uptake was proportional to FP rate but less closely linked to clay content. The average increase in labile P per unit of total FP added in excess of plant exports was 0.85, 0.8 2 , 0.73, 0.55 and 0.24 for the sandy loam, loam, clay loam, clay and heavy clay soil, respectively. The results of this study stress the important of considering soil texture in Gleysolic soils when assessing P accumulation and transformations in soils, due to commercial fertilizers applied in excess of crop removal. Key words: P fractions, clay content, fertilizer P, plant P uptake, soil texture

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Awareness and Extent of Adoption of In-Situ Water Conservation (ISWC) Practices among Dryland Farmers

Madras Agricultural Journal ◽

10.29321/maj.10.000533 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 108 (Special) ◽

Author(s):

Vinotha T ◽

◽

Mahandrakumar K ◽

Anitha Pauline A ◽

Prabakaran K ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Conservation ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Interview Schedule ◽

Dry Land ◽

Land Leveling ◽

Medium Level

The study was conducted among dry land farmers of Pudukkottai district in Tamil Nadu. Using random sampling method 80 respondents were selected and data was collected through pre-tested interview schedule. Adoption index was used to quantify the selected In-Situ Water Conservation (ISWC) practices. The study examined the level of awareness and extent of adoption of In-Situ Water Conservation (ISWC) practices among dry land farmers. The results showed that among the eight selected practices, respondents had cent percent awareness about summer plough, land leveling and ridges and furrows. Majority of respondents had medium level (76.20%) of adoption of ISWC practices respectively. The study reveals that most of the respondents followed more than two ISWC practices on their farms to conserve the rainwater.

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Non-potable Water Quality Assessment Methodology for Water Conservation in Arid Climates

Water Conservation Science and Engineering ◽

10.1007/s41101-020-00095-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3-4) ◽

pp. 215-234

Author(s):

Geraldine Seguela ◽

J. R. Littlewood ◽

G. Karani

Keyword(s):

Quality Assessment ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Potable Water ◽

Salt Content ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Medical Facility ◽

Assessment Methodology ◽

Soil Infiltration ◽

The Impact ◽

Soil Infiltration Rate

Abstract This paper documents a non-potable water (NPW) quality assessment methodology for a decentralized non-potable water system in Abu Dhabi (AD), capital city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which is dominated by sandy and salty soil, high temperature, and humidity. The context is a medical facility case study (MFCS) in AD, which includes a landscape 50% as large as its building footprint. The project identified the need to investigate the impact of air handling unit (AHU) air conditioning (A/C) condensate water (CW) quality on soil health and building hydraulic systems. The aim of the research was to measure the impact of using recycled on-site NPW sources in a MFCS in AD, to alleviate the use of desalinated potable water and reduce associated energy consumption, operation cost, and greenhouse gas emissions for landscape irrigation (LI) and water feature (WF) use. CW has been tested in 2016 and in 2017 and analysed against local authority’s parameter limits to establish suitability for LI and WF use. The findings are that in AD CW classification and characterization is a gap in knowledge whereby salinity and toxicity concentration limits should be addressed by the local authority because CW has an impact on soil infiltration rate due its low dissolved salt content as evidenced by the water test results. The recommendations for this paper are to develop a sustainable water conservation and reuse (SWC) strategy forming the basis for a water protocol by the competent authority for regional medical facility including a methodology for assessing on-site NPW quality for outdoor reuse to reduce soil infiltration problems and consequently conserve water and associated energy. The next steps are to confirm if the MFCS soil infiltration rate is affected by the CW or other factors, and to test additional NPW types.

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