scholarly journals Existence of Vivipary in Mango (Mangifera indica cv. ‘Amrapali’) – A Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 342-349
Author(s):  
Shashi K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Precocious Germination ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Unusual Occurrence ◽  
Development State

Aim: The Amrapalii cultivar of mango is known for its dwarf stature, high productivity and ability to capture the market late when mango from other regions of the country gets over.  Vivipary is of unusual occurrence in mango. The aim of the study is to report the occurrence of vivipary in mango especially in cultivar Amrapali under the sub-Himalayan subtropics of India. Materials and Methods: Incidental occurrence of vivipary in mango has been reported from the Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh during the growing season of the year 2021. Upon observance of abnormal protuberances from the fruit surface, the harvesting was commenced at the weekly intervals and the per cent proportion of viviparous fruits was ascertained by cutting the fruits longitudinally and confirming the viviparous germination of the seeds. Weather data of the fruit development state were analysed for the accumulation of heat units and rainfall distribution. Efforts have been made for ascertaining the reason behind the viviparous seed development. Results and Discussion: The proportion of viviparous seeds increased with the progression of time and by the mid of September, more than 12% of seeds were found viviparous. The weather data show that there was an early accumulation of heat units. Also, the rainfall during the period of fruit development was high particularly at the time when fruits were advancing toward maturity. It has been observed that the seed maturity has preceded the fruit pulp maturity and ripening may be due to the early accumulation of heat units and high rainfall. This coincidence might have resulted in precocious germination of seed inside the fruit, leading to vivipary. Conclusion: The development of vivipary in Amrapali mango has been found to be associated with the early accumulation of heat units and high rainfall. Under the current changing climatic scenario, a need has been projected for strategic research for curtailing vivipary incidences and saving economic losses to the growers of late mango varieties in the sub-Himalayan subtropics. 

scholarly journals Heat unit accumulation and inflorescence and fruit development in ‘Ubá’ mango trees grown in Visconde do Rio Branco-MG

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Moreira Carvalho Lemos ◽  
Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão ◽  
Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira ◽  
Olinto Liparini Pereira ◽  
Paulo Roberto Cecon
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heat Units ◽  
Mango Tree ◽  
Apical Bud

Abstract There are little information in the scientific literature on flowering and fruiting of ‘Ubá’ mango trees. These information enables to know the proportion of hermaphrodite flowers in inflorescence, fruit set percentage and developmental stages of the fruit. In this study evaluations on inflorescence and fruit development of the ‘Ubá’ mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) were carried out, as well as the determination of the required number of heat units for full fruit development. Thirty branches whose terminal buds were swollen were selected from five mango trees. With the aid of a camera and a caliper, the panicle and fruit development were evaluated weekly until full fruit development. A digital thermometer was used to record ambient temperatures during fruit development in order to estimate the number of heat units required for complete development of the fruits. Male and hermaphrodite flowers of the panicles were also identified and counted. The developmental cycle of ‘Ubá’ mango from the beginning of apical bud swelling to commercial harvest of the fruit lasted 168 days in 2011 and 154 days in 2012. The number of hermaphrodite flowers and the percentage of fruit set in the inflorescence in 2011 were 32.3 and 0.066%, respectively; and 122.1 and 0.099% in 2012, respectively. There was accumulation of 3,173 heat units from flower bud swelling to full development of the ‘Ubá’ mangoes.

The Southeastern U.S. Fusarium Head Blight Epidemic of 2003

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Abbey L. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Extension Agents ◽  
Impact Score ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Average Production

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused unprecedented losses to southeastern U.S. wheat producers and millers in 2003. The epidemic was documented afterward through interviews with 120 researchers, extension agents, millers, and growers. Sixty-two counties in five states were assigned an FHB impact score of 1 to 4, and 2003 yield and weather data were obtained for those counties. The relationships of yield and pre- and post-flowering weather variables to impact score were evaluated using regression and correlation analyses. Yield as a percentage of the 10-year average was negatively correlated with FHB impact (r = -0.588, P < 0.0001). FHB impact was positively correlated with hours of post-flowering rainfall (r = 0.465, 0.590, and 0.619 for 10, 20, and 30 days post-flowering, respectively; P = 0.0001), but not correlated with hours of pre-flowering rainfall (P = 0.99). While this was not a controlled study, the results suggest that pre-flowering weather may have played a less significant role than post-flowering weather, and was unlikely to have been a good predictor of FHB severity in the southeast in 2003. Using 10-year average production data, premilling economic losses were estimated for 40 counties in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina at over $13.6 million. Wheat production in those counties comprised just 71.7%, 45.8%, and 48.0% of the statewide totals, respectively; thus, actual 2003 FHB-related losses to growers in those states were probably much higher. Additionally, mills in the region suffered losses of several million dollars in 2003 due to increased shipping, testing, and handling costs brought on by FHB. Accepted for publication 26 September 2005. Published 26 October 2005.

SGS Water Theme: influence of soil, pasture type and management on water use in grazing systems across the high rainfall zone of southern Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 907 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. White ◽  
B. P. Christy ◽  
A. M. Ridley ◽  
A. E. Okom ◽  
S. R. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Daily Weather Data ◽  
Grazing Systems

Eleven experimental sites in the Sustainable Grazing Systems (SGS) national experiment were established in the high rainfall zone (HRZ, >600 mm/year) of Western Australia, Victoria and New South Wales to measure components of the water balance, and pathways of water movement, for a range of pastures from 1997 to 2001. The effect of widely spaced river red gums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in pasture, and of belts of plantation blue gums (E. globulus), was studied at 2 of the sites. The soil types tested ranged from Kurosols, Chromosols and Sodosols, with different subsoil permeabilities, to Hydrosols and Tenosols. The pasture types tested were kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica), redgrass (Bothriochloa macra) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) included. Management variables were set stocking v. rotational grazing, adjustable stocking rates, and level of fertiliser input. Soil, pasture and animal measurements were used to set parameters for the biophysical SGS pasture model, which simulated the long-term effects of soil, pasture type, grazing method and management on water use and movement, using as inputs daily weather data for 31 years from selected sites representing a range of climates. Measurements of mean maximum soil water deficit Sm were used to estimate the probability of surplus water occurring in winter, and the average amount of this surplus, which was highest (97–201 mm/year) for pastures in the cooler, winter-rainfall dominant regions of north-east and western Victoria and lowest (3–11 mm/year) in the warmer, lower rainfall regions of the eastern Riverina and Esperance, Western Australia. Kikuyu in Western Australia achieved the largest increase in Sm compared with annual pasture (55–71 mm), while increases due to phalaris were 18–45 mm, and those of native perennials were small and variable. Long-term model simulations suggested rooting depth was crucial in decreasing deep drainage, to about 50 mm/year for kikuyu rooting to 2.5 m, compared with 70–200 mm/year for annuals rooting to only 0.8 m. Plantation blue gums dried the soil profile to 5.25 m by an average of 400 mm more than kikuyu pasture, reducing the probability of winter surplus water to zero, and eliminating drainage below the root zone. Widely spaced river red gums had a much smaller effect on water use, and would need to number at least 14 trees per hectare to achieve extra soil drying of about 50 mm over a catchment. Soil type affected water use primarily through controlling the rooting depth of the vegetation, but it also changed the partitioning of surplus water between runoff and deep drainage. Strongly duplex soils such as Sodosols shed 50% or more surplus water as runoff, which is important for flushing streams, provided the water is of good quality. Grazing method and pasture management had only a marginal effect in increasing water use, but could have a positive effect on farm profitability through increased livestock production per hectare and improved persistence of perennial species.

scholarly journals River-flood forecasting methods: the context of the Kelantan River in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 880 (1) ◽  
pp. 012021
Author(s):  
M Abdul Majid ◽  
M Hafidz Omar ◽  
M Salmi M Noorani ◽  
F Abdul Razak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Computer Modelling ◽  
Flood Forecasting ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Current State ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
River Flood ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
State Of Affairs

Abstract River-flood forecasting is among the most important feasible non-structural approaches used in reducing economic losses and alleviating human sufferings. In spite of uncertainty in the forecasting of natural disasters, the current prevailing methods developed in many parts of the world in the recent history has made good progress to a great extent. The advancement is attributed mainly due to the availability of high-resolution weather data and the use of sophisticated computer modelling algorithms. However, it is desirable to conduct exploratory review studies to further improving the current state of affairs. The present paper reviews briefly the river-flood forecasting methods currently used worldwide with a specific focus in the context of the Kelantan River in Malaysia. Flooding in Malaysia is recurrent covering a large inhabited area compared with other natural disasters. Some of the popularly used methods in the literature such as statistical methods machine learning and methods based on chaos theory have been reviewed, The paper will also attempt to explore the future direction for research and development that might be useful specifically for dealing with the recurrent rivers flooding in Malaysia. A reasonably acceptable prediction of river streamflow is significantly important in disaster management and water resources management.

scholarly journals Pruning Strategies to Maximize Tropical Mango Production From the Time of Planting to Restoration of Old Orchards

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Rapid Restoration ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Tip Formation

Pruning is an unavoidable necessity of virtually all arboreal fruit crops. In the tropics and subtropics, pruning of mango (Mangifera indica L.) is particularly important due to its tendency for frequent flushes, especially in humid tropics. Commercial orchards must maintain control of both tree size and orchard productivity in order to remain productive. Tip, formation, and severe pruning can be used in a variety of circumstances to produce predictable and useful results for a variety of purposes. For example, tip pruning can be used to encourage frequent flushing and branching of young trees to bring them into commercial production years earlier than if left alone. It can also stimulate timely flushes of lateral stems in an annual program to maintain tree size and prepare trees for synchronous flowering. Formation pruning shapes trees in an overgrown orchard to receive the maximum amount of light for high productivity and sets them up for annual pruning in a flowering management program. Severe pruning coupled with subsequent tip pruning of huge, nonproductive trees facilitates rapid restoration of orchard production. Each of these types of pruning can be used to get mango trees into production quickly and thereafter maintain maximum annual production while maintaining their desired size.

scholarly journals An integrated framework for predicting the risk of experiencing temperature conditions that may trigger late-maturity alpha-amylase in wheat across Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Armstrong ◽  
Andries B. Potgieter ◽  
Daryl J. Mares ◽  
Kolumbina Mrva ◽  
Jason Brider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Environment Simulation ◽  
Triggering Conditions ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Wheat Lines

Late-maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) is a key concern for Australia’s wheat industry because affected grain may not meet receival standards or market specifications, resulting in significant economic losses for producers and industry. The risk of LMA incidence across Australia’s wheatbelt is not well understood; therefore, a predictive model was developed to help to characterise likely LMA incidence. Preliminary development work is presented here based on diagnostic simulations for estimating the likelihood of experiencing environmental conditions similar to a potential triggering criterion currently used to phenotype wheat lines in a semi-controlled environment. Simulation inputs included crop phenology and long-term weather data (1901–2016) for &gt;1750 stations across Australia’s wheatbelt. Frequency estimates for the likelihood of target conditions on a yearly basis were derived from scenarios using either: (i) weather-driven sowing dates each year and three reference maturity types, mimicking traditional cropping practices; or (ii) monthly fixed sowing dates for each year. Putative-risk ‘footprint’ maps were then generated at regional shire scale to highlight regions with a low (&lt;33%), moderate (33–66%) or high (&gt;66%) likelihood of experiencing temperatures similar to a cool-shock regime occurring in the field. Results suggested low risks for wheat regions across Queensland and relatively low risks for most regions across New South Wales, except for earlier planting with quick-maturing varieties. However, for fixed sowing dates of 1 May and 1 June and varying maturity types, the combined footprints for moderate-risk and high-risk categories ranged from 34% to 99% of the broad wheat region for South Australia, from 12% to 97% for Victoria, and from 9% to 59% for Western Australia. A further research component aims to conduct a field validation to improve quantification of the range of LMA triggering conditions; this would improve the predictive LMA framework and could assist industry with future decision-making based on a quantifiable LMA field risk.

Yield and fruit development in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Chok Anan) under different irrigation regimes

2009 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Spreer ◽  
Somchai Ongprasert ◽  
Martin Hegele ◽  
Jens N. Wünsche ◽  
Joachim Müller
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

scholarly journals Rainfall and Temperature Distinguish Between Karnal Bunt Positive and Negative Years in Wheat Fields in Texas

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Workneh ◽  
T. W. Allen ◽  
G. H. Nash ◽  
B. Narasimhan ◽  
R. Srinivasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Model ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Karnal Bunt ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Radar Rainfall ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Central Texas

Karnal bunt of wheat, caused by the fungus Tilletia indica, is an internationally regulated disease. Since its first detection in central Texas in 1997, regions in which the disease was detected have been under strict federal quarantine regulations resulting in significant economic losses. A study was conducted to determine the effect of weather factors on incidence of the disease since its first detection in Texas. Weather variables (temperature and rainfall amount and frequency) were collected and used as predictors in discriminant analysis for classifying bunt-positive and -negative fields using incidence data for 1997 and 2000 to 2003 in San Saba County. Rainfall amount and frequency were obtained from radar (Doppler radar) measurements. The three weather variables correctly classified 100% of the cases into bunt-positive or -negative fields during the specific period overlapping the stage of wheat susceptibility (boot to soft dough) in the region. A linear discriminant-function model then was developed for use in classification of new weather variables into the bunt occurrence groups (+ or –). The model was evaluated using weather data for 2004 to 2006 for San Saba area (central Texas), and data for 2001 and 2002 for Olney area (north-central Texas). The model correctly predicted bunt occurrence in all cases except for the year 2004. The model was also evaluated for site-specific prediction of the disease using radar rainfall data and in most cases provided similar results as the regional level evaluation. The humid thermal index (HTI) model (widely used for assessing risk of Karnal bunt) agreed with our model in all cases in the regional level evaluation, including the year 2004 for the San Saba area, except for the Olney area where it incorrectly predicted weather conditions in 2001 as unfavorable. The current model has a potential to be used in a spray advisory program in regulated wheat fields.

scholarly journals Influence of Pre-Harvest Bagging on the Incidence of Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and Fruit Quality in Mango

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Modesto del Pino ◽  
Claudia Bienvenido ◽  
María Eva Wong ◽  
María del Carmen Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Ramón Boyero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Pest Incidence ◽  
Fruit Damage ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Fruit Bagging

Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is the main pest of mango, Mangifera indica L., in Spain, causing significant economic losses by aesthetic damage that reduce the commercial value of fruit. Bagging fruit with two commercial bags (a yellow satin paper and a white muslin cloth bag) was evaluated for control of A. tubercularis in two organic mango orchards during the 2020 cropping season in pursuit of the development of a mango IPM program to produce pest-free and residue-free fruits. Results from fruit damage evaluations at harvest showed that bagging significantly reduced pest incidence and fruit damage compared with non-bagged plots. Of the two bags evaluated, white muslin cloth bag provided higher levels of fruit protection from A. tubercularis damage, reducing the non-commercial fruit percentage by up to 93.42%. Fruit quality assessment indicated that weight and size of bagged fruit were significantly higher than the non-bagged. Paper-bagged mangoes showed higher whiteness and yellowness compared to the other treatments. Soluble solids content (ºBrix) was higher in paper-bagged fruit than all other treatment plots. The results from this study indicate that pre-harvest fruit bagging is effective at controlling A. tubercularis and should be integrated into an IPM program for Spanish mango production.

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