scholarly journals Pruning Strategies to Maximize Tropical Mango Production From the Time of Planting to Restoration of Old Orchards

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davenport

Pruning is an unavoidable necessity of virtually all arboreal fruit crops. In the tropics and subtropics, pruning of mango (Mangifera indica L.) is particularly important due to its tendency for frequent flushes, especially in humid tropics. Commercial orchards must maintain control of both tree size and orchard productivity in order to remain productive. Tip, formation, and severe pruning can be used in a variety of circumstances to produce predictable and useful results for a variety of purposes. For example, tip pruning can be used to encourage frequent flushing and branching of young trees to bring them into commercial production years earlier than if left alone. It can also stimulate timely flushes of lateral stems in an annual program to maintain tree size and prepare trees for synchronous flowering. Formation pruning shapes trees in an overgrown orchard to receive the maximum amount of light for high productivity and sets them up for annual pruning in a flowering management program. Severe pruning coupled with subsequent tip pruning of huge, nonproductive trees facilitates rapid restoration of orchard production. Each of these types of pruning can be used to get mango trees into production quickly and thereafter maintain maximum annual production while maintaining their desired size.

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Виктория Сергеевна Кириченко ◽  
Нина Александровна Бабинцева ◽  
Надежда Александровна Тихомирова

Основным направлением повышения продуктивности насаждений плодовых культур будет смена технологических подходов по эксплуатации садовых экосистем, основой которых является загущенное размещение плодовых деревьев, изменение формы кроны с ограничением их размеров, подбор сортов, подвоев, отвечающих требованиям плотного размещения деревьев с высокой продуктивностью, хорошим качеством плодов. Цель исследований - изучение влияния формы кроны на структурные параметры, степень облиственности и трудоемкость затрат труда при обрезке для создания интенсивных садов на слаборослых подвоях. Были проведены трехлетние полевые опыты по схеме: 1 вариант - стройное веретено (контроль); 2 вариант - безлидерная уплощенная крона; 3 вариант - трёхлидерная крона; 4 вариант - французская ось при плотности посадки 2500 дер./га (4 х 1 м). Объектом исследований являлись сорта яблони Бреберн, Джалита, Ренет Симиренко на подвое ЕМ IX в саду с капельным поливом. Работа проводилась по методикам полевых опытов с плодовыми культурами. Установлено, что высокая ростовая активность наблюдалась у сорта Ренет Симиренко независимо от формы кроны, где параметры варьировали от 0,71 м до 1,06 м. Структура плодообразующей древесины дерева зависит от биологических особенностей сорта и формы кроны. На третий год после посадки сада в кронах деревьев свободного веретена и французской оси сформировано наибольшее количество генеративных образований от 20,3 и 24,7% (Джалита, Бреберн) до 23,3 и 25,6% (Ренет Симиренко). Трудоемкость обрезки зависит от сорта, формы кроны и структуры обрастающей древесины. Максимальные затраты труда применяет один человек на обрезку деревьев сорта Джалита с трехлидерной кроной (25,6 чел.-час./га) и безлидерной уплощенной кроной (22,9 чел.-час./га). На обрезку сада деревьев с кроной по типу французской оси требуется 1,0 и 1,4 дня одному человеку или 7,2 (Джалита) и 9,5чел.- час./га (Ренет Симиренко), что в 1,9 и 2,2 раза меньше, чем на обрезку деревьев по типу стройного веретена (контроль). Область применения - садоводческие с.-х. предприятия всех форм собственности, садоводы - любители, специалисты The main direction of improving the productivity of plantations of fruit crops will be a change of technological approaches to the use of garden ecosystems, based on dense placement of fruit trees, changing the shape of the crown cap size, selection of varieties, rootstocks, meeting the requirements of a dense distribution of trees with high productivity, good fruit quality. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of crown shape on structural parameters, the degree of foliage and labor coefficient of pruning for the creation of intensive gardens on dwarf rootstocks. We carried out three-year field experiments according to the scheme: option 1 - slender spindle (control); option 2 - leaderless flattened crown; option 3 - triple leaders crown; option 4 - French axe, when planting density was 2500 trees/ha (4 х 1 м). The varieties ‘Braeburn’, ‘Dzhalita’, ‘Renet Simirenko’ on the rootstock EM IX in the garden with drip irrigation were the object of research. The study was performed according to the techniques of field experiments with fruit crops. It was found that high growth activity was observed for the variety ‘Renet Simirenko’, regardless the form of the crown, with parameters ranged from 0.71 m to 1,06 м. The structure of carpogenous wood depended on the biological characteristics of variety and crown shape. In the third year after planting the garden in the trees of control and French axe the greatest number of generative formations from 20.3 and 24.7% (‘Dzhalita’, ‘Braeburn’) to 23.3 and 25.6% (‘Renet Simirenko’) were developed. The complexity of pruning depended on the variety, the crown shape and the structure of the overgrown wood. Maximum labor cost one person spends for pruning the variety ‘Dzhalita’ with triple leader crown (25.6 man-hour/ha) and leaderless flattened crown (22.9 man-hour/ha). Pruning trees with French axe type of crown required 1.0 and 1.4 days per one person or 7.2 (‘Dzhalita’) and 9.5 man-hour/ha (‘Renet Simirenko’), which was 1.9 and 2.2 times less than the pruning according to the control. The scopes of the research are horticultural agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership, gardener amateurs and experts.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Jaime Pblete-Vargas ◽  
Ernestina Valadez-Moctezuma ◽  
Gabino García-de los Santos ◽  
Carlos Martínez-Flores ◽  
Armando Peralta-Martínez

Some species of Brachiaria are cultivated in the tropics because of their high productivity and drought resistance; their apomictic hybrids are of interest because of the almost null segregation and xation of the hybrid vigor in seeds. In this research, Amplied Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and Cleaved Amplied Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers were used to dierentiate apomictic tetraploid and sexual diploid Brachiaria parents and their progeny. Polymorphism detected with AFLP was 91.3% and with CAPS 79.7%. Phenograms dierentiated each genotype and the clustering of parents and their progeny was by their degree of genetic relatedness. AFLP did not separate the apomictic genotypes from the sexual ones, but CAPS markers did so through the C15-8 marker. Some apomictic genotypes of the progeny inherited it from their B. ruziziensis sexual mother, which may be related to some segregating character of the parental line.


HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1266-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader R. Abdelsalam ◽  
Hayssam M. Ali ◽  
Mohamed Z.M. Salem ◽  
Elsayed G. Ibrahem ◽  
Mohamed S. Elshikh

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a fruit crops belong to the family Anacardiaceae and is the oldest cultivated tree worldwide. Cultivars maintained in Egypt have not been investigated previously. Mango was first brought to Egypt from South Asia. Morphological and molecular techniques were used to identify the genetic diversity within 28 mango cultivars. SSR and EST-SSR were used for optimizing germplasm management of mango cultivars. Significant variations were observed in morphological characteristics and genetic polymorphism, as they ranged from 0.71% to 100%. High diversity was confirmed as a pattern of morphological and genotypes data. Data from the present study may be used to calculate the mango relationship and diversity currently grown in Egypt.


Author(s):  
Екатерина Станиславовна Брылякова

Статья посвящена отдельному виду социальных гарантий сотрудникам учреждений и органов уголовно-исполнительной системы - праву на получение ежемесячного пособия по уходу за ребенком до достижения им полутора лет при сохранении своего рабочего места. Данная социальная гарантия не лишена нюансов: правовая проблема реализации права сотрудника учреждений и органов уголовно-исполнительной системы состоит в том, что он лишен права на «полноценное» ежемесячное пособие по уходу за ребенком. Актуальность данной темы обусловлена тем, что на сегодняшний день Федеральный закон от 19.05.1995 № 81-ФЗ «О государственных пособиях гражданам, имеющим детей» устанавливает для сотрудников органов и учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы ежемесячное пособие по уходу за ребенком в размере 40 процентов среднего денежного довольствия по месту службы за последние 12 календарных месяцев, предшествующих месяцу наступления отпуска по уходу за ребенком. При этом обозначенный нормативно-правовой акт регламентирует минимальный (1500 рублей) и максимальный размер пособия (6000 рублей) для данной категории лиц. Однако для такой категории лиц, как матери, осуществляющие уход за ребенком и подлежащие обязательному социальному страхованию, Федеральный закон № 81-ФЗ устанавливает пособие по уходу за ребенком в размере 40 процентов среднего заработка, на который начисляются страховые взносы на обязательное социальное страхование на случай временной нетрудоспособности и в связи с материнством и не ограничивает максимальным размером. В связи с этим в правоприменительной сфере возникает дискуссионный вопрос относительно приоритетности ущемления прав одной категории граждан над другими в части размера пособия по уходу за ребенком. В статье предпринята попытка разобраться с регламентированным законодателем подходом к определению размеров выплаты пособия по уходу за ребенком определенному кругу субъектов и предложить рекомендации разрешения сложившейся ситуации. The presented article is devoted to a separate type of social guarantees for employees of institutions and bodies of the penal system-the right to receive a monthly allowance for the care of a child up to the age of one and a half, while maintaining their jobs. However, this social guarantee is not devoid of nuances, namely, the legal problem of exercising the right of an employee of institutions and bodies of the penitentiary system is that he is deprived of the right to a “full-fledged” monthly child care benefit. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that today the Federal law of 19.05.1995 No. 81-FZ “On state benefits to citizens with children” establishes for the employees of bodies and establishments of criminally-Executive system of monthly allowances for child care in the amount of 40 percent of the average monetary allowances at the place of service in the last 12 calendar months preceding the month of the onset of leave to care for a child. In this case, the designated legal act regulates the minimum (1500 rubles) and the maximum amount of benefits (6000 rubles) for this category of persons. However, such a category of persons as mothers who take care of a child and are subject to compulsory social insurance, Federal law No. 81-FZ establishes a child care allowance in the amount of 40 percent of the average wage, which is charged with insurance contributions for compulsory social insurance in case of temporary disability and in connection with motherhood, and does not limit the maximum amount. In this regard, in the field of law enforcement there is a debatable question about the priority, infringement of the rights of one category of citizens over others in terms of the amount of child care benefits. The article attempts to deal with a regulated by the legislator approach to determining the amount of payment of childcare benefits to a specific circle of subjects and to offer recommendations for resolving the current situation.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez

Abstract M. indica is not important as a forest tree as it is seldom found in abundance in forests, but wherever the tree is available it is exploited. It is a multipurpose tree species providing shelterbelts, firewood, timber, fruits, cattle fodder, green manure and medicine. It is primarily used for its edible fruits and extensive plantations have been established throughout the tropics and sub-tropics, under numerous cultivars providing good income for mango growers. Various parts of the mango tree are used in traditional medicines. It also has great significance in Hindu religious ceremonies (Kostermans and Bompard, 1993).


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Camera ◽  
Christine Stüssmann ◽  
Itxaso Quintana ◽  
Tomás Waller ◽  
Mariano Barros ◽  
...  

Abstract Sustainable wildlife management is required to guarantee source species viability; however, it is practiced rarely in the tropics. The yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) has a long history of being harvested for its leather. Since 2002 its harvest has operated under a management program in northeastern Argentina, which relies on adaptive management through limiting the minimum anaconda length, number of hunters and restricting the hunting season. We investigated the effects of the anaconda harvest on its biological parameters based on 2002-2016 data. Here we show that the levels of species exploitation are sustainable. The gradual reduction in the annual hunting effort, due to a decrease in number of hunters and hunting season duration, reduced the total number of anacondas harvested. Conversely, captures per unit effort increased across the study time-period. There was no variation in the mean length of anacondas harvested, or in largest anaconda sizes. Though more females than males were caught, the sex ratio did not vary significantly. We also found that a decrease in mean temperature positively influenced anaconda harvest and the captures of giant individuals. Because sustainable use is a powerful tool for conservation, those discoveries are highly applicable to other species and regions.


2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen D. Samuel-Hodge ◽  
Thomas C. Keyserling ◽  
Sola Park ◽  
Larry F. Johnston ◽  
Ziya Gizlice ◽  
...  

Purpose This study developed and tested a culturally appropriate, church-based intervention to improve diabetes self-management. Research Design and Methods This was a randomized trial conducted at 24 African American churches in central North Carolina. Churches were randomized to receive the special intervention (SI; 13 churches, 117 participants) or the minimal intervention (MI; 11 churches, 84 participants). The SI included an 8-month intensive phase, consisting of 1 individual counseling visit, 12 group sessions, monthly phone contacts, and 3 encouragement postcards, followed by a 4-month reinforcement phase including monthly phone contacts. The MI received standard educational pamphlets by mail. Outcomes were assessed at 8 and 12 months; the primary outcome was comparison of 8-month A1C levels. Results At baseline, the mean age was 59 years, A1C 7.8%, and body mass index 35.0 kg/m2; 64% of participants were female. For the 174 (87%) participants returning for 8-month measures, mean A1C (adjusted for baseline and group randomization) was 7.4% for SI and 7.8% for MI, with a difference of 0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-0.6, P = .009). In a larger model adjusting for additional variables, the difference was 0.5% (95% CI, 0.2-0.7, P < .001). At 12 months, the difference between groups was not significant. Diabetes knowledge and diabetes-related quality of life significantly improved in the SI group compared with the MI group. Among SI participants completing an acceptability questionnaire, intervention components and materials were rated as highly acceptable. Conclusions The church-based intervention was well received by participants and improved short-term metabolic control.


1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
F Favretti ◽  
S Pucciarelli ◽  
M Lise ◽  
M Tieba ◽  
G F Rotigliano ◽  
...  

The feasibility of outpatient surgery was investigated at a regional hospital in a Third World country. A series of 73 patients with uncomplicated hernias (inguinal, femoral) and hydroceles were allocated at random to receive standard surgical treatment either as inpatients (group 1) or as outpatients (group 2). Patients living within a 4 km radius of the hospital or who agreed to stay in specially provided quarters nearby were eligible to take part in the study. Patients not able to follow the basic hygiene rules taught by the local staff were excluded. The morbidity rate was 5/36 (13.8%) in group 1 and 8/37 (21.6%) in group 2. No statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the complications that occurred in the two groups.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Salmi Hasni ◽  
Gunadi Widi Nurcahyo ◽  
Yuhandri Yunus

The financing approval process for the Al-Ikhlas Sharia Civil Servant Cooperative (KPN) of the Batusangkar State Islamic Institute (IAIN) is still carried out by manual review, making it difficult to receive financing quickly and accurately. As a solution to these problems, we need a decision support system that can help in determining the amount of financial revenue. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the multi-criteria problem solving models used in this study. The criteria used in determining the amount of financing received at the Al-Ikhlas IAIN Sharia Batusangkar KPN are character, capital, capacity, condition, and collateral. This study produces a weighting matrix of results, with KS as the member who gets the highest score of 95.3% and can apply for financing with a maximum amount.


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