scholarly journals Characterization of Malaria Preventive Extracts from Myrsine africana Seeds

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Renei Shopoko ◽  
Osano Aloys ◽  
Bakari Chaka
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Myrsine Africana

Introduction: The use of pharmaceutical anti-malaria drugs in many rural areas is not common. Various plant extracts have been used as anti-plasmodial agents. Myrsine africana seed extracts are common anti-malaria agents amongst the Maasai community of Kenya. Aims: This study aimed at characterizing the chemical constituents of methanolic, aqua and n-hexane extracts of Myrsine africana seeds. Study Design: An independent measures design was used. Methodology: The extracts were obtained by maceration of the seeds before subjecting to physical-chemical analysis, functional groups, bio-metal concentrations and phytochemicals screening. Antibacterial studies were conducted using E. coli and S. aureus. The extracts were thereafter screened for presence of quinine and chloroquine by UV VIS spectroscopy. Results: The results indicated the extracts were weakly acidic with moderate solid content. The FT-IR peaks of the extracts indicated abundance of carboxylic acids and benzylic groups. The extracts had a moderate iron concentration with mild copper, cobalt and zinc concentrations. The extracts were also rich in tannins, phenols, saponins, alkaloids and steroids. The antibacterial proficiency of both stains used increased with concentration of extracts and were highest at 50.0 mg/mL. Methanolic and water extracts of the seeds also showed appreciable quinines and chloroquinines concentrations. Conclusions: M. africana seed methanolic and water extracts can be used as anti-plasmodial drugs to help curb malaria in rural tropical regions.

scholarly journals The Extent of Heat on Health and Sustainable Farming in Ghana –Bawku East

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frimpong Kwasi ◽  
Jacque Oosthuizen ◽  
Eddie Van Etten
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Outdoor Work ◽  
Globe Temperature

<p>Little is known about the health effects of heat in outdoor work and appropriate work and rest schedules for farmers working in developing countries. As temperatures continue to increase in tropical regions, such as Northern Ghana, it is necessary to evaluate how farmers experience and respond to high heat exposures. In this study, WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) estimates and the ISO work / rest standards were applied to a cohort of farmers in the rural areas of Bawku East, Northern Ghana, to assess how farmers respond to high heat and how much they rest to protect their health, as well as the level of heat on their productivity. WBGT data was recorded over a period of 6 months among vegetable, cereals, and legume farmers. The ISO proposed and actual rest regimes observed by farmers in the same time period were evaluated. In the dry season the dry bulb temperature rose as high as 45 ºC, while during the humid months of March and April WBGT rose to levels as high as 34 ºC. Farmers worked for nine hours a day during these hot periods with insufficient rest, which has adverse consequences on their health and productivity.</p>

Mineral absorption of diets containing natural carob fiber compared to cellulose, pectin and various combinations of these fibers Absorción de minerales de dietas que contienen fibra natural de algarrobas comparada con celulosa, pectina y varias combinaciones de estas fibras

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 463-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Vaquero ◽  
L. Perez-Olleros ◽  
M. Garcia-Cuevas ◽  
M. Veldhuizen ◽  
B. Ruiz-Roso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Liver Iron Concentration ◽  
Liver Iron ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

The influence of the consumption of natural carob fiber (NCF), an insoluble hypocholesterolemic fiber, as the unique dietary fiber or combined with cellulose (CEL) or pectin (PEC), on mineral bioavailability was studied. Six groups of rats were fed for 10 days diets containing 10% CEL, NCF, PEC or CEL+NCF, CEL+PEC and NCF+PEC mixtures at 50%. Food intake was lower with PEC than NCF and CEL+NCF, but final body weight was unaffected. Fecal weight showed significant differ ences in the following order: CEL, NCF, CEL+NCF > CEL+PEC, NCF+PEC > PEC. Percentage of calcium absorption was higher with CEL+PEC and NCF+PEC compared with the rest of fibers. Mag nesium absorption was also significantly enhanced in these two groups compared to NCF (p < 0.0004). Iron absorption did not show variations. Zinc apparent absorption was reduced by PEC, but the NCF+PEC mixture counterbalanced this effect. Liver iron was significantly lower with NCF+PEC than CEL, and liver iron concentration was significantly lower with NCF+PEC compared to CEL+PEC. Liver zinc was significantly higher with CEL+NCF than PEC while liver zinc concentrations were slightly higher with the former (p = 0.05 compared to NCF). The results indicate that NCF, compared to CEL and PEC, did not decrease the efficiency of calcium, magnesium and iron absorption in rats, while compared to PEC it increased zinc apparent absorption. Moreover, by combining NCF with PEC calcium and magnesium, absorptions enhanced in comparison with NCF alone, which was prob ably a result of the combination of soluble and insoluble fibers.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF Kigelia africana AND Mansoa alliacea - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman ◽  
Gunda Srilakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Athlete’S Foot ◽  
Collective Information

Context: The focus of the present review is to compile the different phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of bignoniaceous plants, namely Kigelia africana and Mansoa alliacea. Objective: Medicinal plants are routinely used in clinical practice for the treatment of various diseases of human beings over thousands of years across the world. In rural areas of the developing countries, they are still used in practice due to the easy availability of the medication. The main objective of this work is to explore the phytochemical studies and biological activities of plants belonging to Bignoniaceae family. Methods: The present study also discusses about the different phytochemical constituents of K. africana and M. alliacea that were isolated and characterized using various analytical methods. Different extracts of these plants were subjected to different in vitro anticancer, analgesic, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activities using earlier reported methods were also discussed. Results: K. africana is commonly referred to as sausage or cucumber tree due to its huge sausage or cucumber-like fruit. These plants find application as traditional medicine for treating several ailments such as malignant tumor, ulcer, aging, and malaria among others. It is conjointly used for the treatment of reproductive organ infections, renal ailments, dizziness, epilepsy, sickle cell disease, depression, metabolism disorders, skin grievance, leprosy, impetigo, helminthic infections, athlete’s foot, tumors, etc. These plant extracts have also been used as a cosmetic by enhancing the collagen action and thus exhibit antiaging properties. Conclusion: The present study attempts to provide collective information on various phytochemical constituents and pharmacological actions of K. africana and M. alliacea belonging to Bignoniaceae. This review in its present form is believed to help the researchers to provide adequate information about the chemical constituents and biological uses of these plants.

DISPERSION OF KAOLINITE BY WATER EXTRACTS OF DOUGLAS-FIR ASH

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP B. DURGIN ◽  
PHILIP J. VOGELSANG
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Specific Adsorption ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Inorganic Constituents

The inorganic constituents of black and gray ash from Douglas-fir slash were analyzed to evaluate the mechanism by which ash extract disperses kaolinite. Chemical constituents promoting kaolinite dispersion were anions that increase alkalinity and are specifically adsorbed, namely orthophosphate, carbonate, hydroxyl, and me-tasilicate. Key words: Fire, specific adsorption, carbonate

scholarly journals Outbreak investigation and control measures following dengue fever cases in Vadodara, July-August 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 5224
Author(s):  
Raman D. Damor ◽  
Jyotsna F. Maliwad ◽  
Kalpita S. Shringarpure ◽  
Bansari L. Chawda ◽  
Neelam N. Pandya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Outbreak Investigation ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fever Case ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Control

Background: Dengue fever is one of the major public health problems among all the vector born diseases. It is an emerging disease of tropical and sub-tropical regions, affecting urban, peri-urban and rural areas. Twenty five cases of dengue fever were reported in our hospital and other private hospitals from Undera village, which is in the peri urban area of Vadodara, so an investigation was carried out. The objective of this study is to find out the incidence and demographic details of people affected by fever during the outbreak and to find the environmental factors responsible for the outbreak.Methods: Community based, cross-sectional, direct interviewing of community members of Undera village in Vadodara district was carried out on 21st August 2017 and 23rd August 2017.Results: In this outbreak investigation, 219 fever cases were reported from 2930 population residing in 645 houses. There were 25 confirmed cases of dengue fever, out of which three deaths were reported. This included one pregnant woman during this outbreak. Seventy percent of fever cases were in the age group 0-30 years. Daily wagers were affected more than other occupations. At least one fever case was reported from 109 houses. Breeding places for mosquitoes were observed surrounding the houses from were fever cases reported.Conclusions: The dengue fever outbreak was confirmed through laboratory as well as clinico-epidemiological correlation with confirmed clinical picture and presence of breading places of Aedes mosquitoes. The fatality rate was 12% and there were three complicated deaths.

Serum Zinc, Iron, and Copper Concentrations during Typhoid Fever in Man: Effect of Chloramphenicol Therapy

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S Pekarek ◽  
R M Kluge ◽  
H L DuPont ◽  
R W Wannemacher ◽  
R B Hornick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Serum Copper ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Metal Monitoring

Abstract In volunteers experimentally infected with Salmonella typhi, serum iron and zinc concentrations became significantly depressed and there was a concomitant rise in serum copper before the onset of overt clinical illness. However, after several days of fever and the initiation of chloramphenicol therapy, serum iron and zinc concentrations significantly increased. Additional studies—in volunteers with typhoid fever treated with chloramphenicol, in a volunteer with typhoid fever receiving cefazolin and gentamicin, and in untreated rhesus monkeys infected with Salmonella typhimurium—provided evidence that the increase in serum iron concentration during the febrile phase was the result of chloramphenicol therapy, whereas the increase in serum zinc concentrations was a disease-related phenomenon. The importance of trace-metal monitoring during infectious disease and chemotherapy is discussed

Evaluation of Ipomoea carnea (jacq.) extracts and chlorpyrifos insecticide against the cotton leafworms, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-11
Author(s):  
Mamdouh I. Nassar ◽  
Mohamed T. Taha ◽  
Hala M. I. Mead ◽  
Mohamed G. M. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Littoralis ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Ipomoea Carnea ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Botanical Extracts ◽  
Acetone Extracts ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

The cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), is an insect that causes serious damages to more than 112 plant species belonging to 44 different families. Botanical extracts of Ipomoea carnea were very efficient against fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Based on LC50 and LC90 values, Ipomoea carnea acetone extracts were recorded 24.622 and 164.947 ppm, respectively. While hexane extracts were 232.677 and 15,377.590 ppm, respectively. Also, the treatment of fourth instar larva of S. littoralis with chlorpyrifos insecticide caused 9.497 and 91.126 ppm, respectively. The chemical constituents of acetone extract of I. carnea by using GC–MS analysis resulted in the most active compounds that were palmatic (iso propyl-hexadecanoate), silane, [[(3.alpha.,5.alpha.,20R)-pregnane-3,20-diyl]bis(oxy)] bis (trimethyl-(cas)5. and pederone that recorded (44.025%, 11.455% and 9.325%, respectively). Ipomoea carnea extracts were produced with different deformation abnormalities of all S. littoralis stages.Keywords: Schistocerca gregaria, Ipomoea carnea, botanical extracts, bioassay.

scholarly journals Hair Washing Formulations from Aloe elegans Todaro Gel: The Potential for Making Hair Shampoo

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Desta Berhe Sbhatu ◽  
Goitom Gebreyohannes Berhe ◽  
Abadi Gebreyesus Hndeya ◽  
Asmael Abdu ◽  
Afework Mulugeta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foam Stability ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Physicochemical Methods ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

This study aimed to describe the gross phytochemical constituents of Aloe elegans Todaro gel and evaluate the characteristics and quality of lab-made hair washing formulations prepared from the gel to show its potential in formulating hair washing shampoos. A. elegans gel mass was prepared from mature, healthy leaves collected from natural stand. Samples of 100% methanol extract of the gel were subjected to standard phytochemical screening and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Five hair washing formulations (Fs) were, likewise, prepared by mixing 4.0–10.0 mL of gel with one (0.05 mL) to two (0.10 mL) drops of six synthetic and natural ingredients, namely, coconut oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, pure glycerin oil, lemon juice, and vitamin E. The gel to the total ingredient ratios (v/v) of the five formulations were 93 : 7 (F1), 94.5 : 5.5 (F2), 96.4 : 3.6 (F3), and 96.6 : 3.4 (F4 and F5). The formulations were evaluated using sensory inspection and common physicochemical methods. The phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis revealed that A. elegans gel is the source of important chemical constituents used in the formulation of shampoos and similar products including saponins, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and phytol. Lab-made A. elegans hair washing formulations, especially those with 96.4–96.6% gel, were found to have similar characteristics and qualities with a common marketed shampoo. All the formulations were turbid with characteristic odor as the marketed shampoo. The pH values of the hair washing formulations (6.4–4.6) were comparable to those of the marketed shampoo (6.7). Formulations with higher proportion of gel had better foam stability, higher solid content (26–29%), higher surface tension (33–38 dynes/cm), shorter wetting time (150–160 sec), equivalent viscosities (26.45–26.73 poise), and conditioning performance than the marketed shampoo. These findings demonstrate that A. elegans gel mass can be used in the formulation of good-quality hair washing shampoos. We recommend future studies that aim to develop the phytochemical profile of the plant and a refined protocol of hair washing shampoo formulation.

Influence of the Parasite Viscum cruciatum Sieber on the Chemical Constituents of Crataegus monogyna Jacq

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1091-1094
Author(s):  
Carmen Ahumada ◽  
Dolores García ◽  
Teresa Saenz ◽  
Alicia Gómez ◽  
Arturo Cert
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Ursolic Acid ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Aliphatic Alcohols ◽  
Phytochemical Study ◽  
Crataegus Monogyna ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Hexane Extracts

Abstract A phytochemical study of two plant species, Viscum cruciatum Sieber and Crataegus mono­gyna Jacq., was completed to investigate the influence of the parasite Viscum cruciatum on the host Crataegus monogyna. The study was carried out with two samples and consisted of hexane extracts of the Viscum cruciatum parasitizing on Crataegus monogyna and C. mono­gyna. In these samples ursolic acid, β-sitosterol and a triterpene fraction were found that contained mainly butyrospermol (3β-lanost 8 , 24-dien, 3-ol), 24-methylene-24-dihydrolanost-erol (24-methylene-5a-lanost-8-en-3β-ol), cycloartenol (9β, 19-cyclo-5α, 9β-lanost-24-en-3β-ol), β-amyrin (olean-12-en-3β-ol) and several aliphatic alcohols identified as the C18 to C30 members of the 1 -alkanol homologous series. β-Amyrin acetate was only isolated from Viscum cruciatum and was not found in Cratae­ gus monogyna.

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