scholarly journals Preliminary Assessment of Water Quality in Some Hydrocarbon-imparted Ogoni Communities in River State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Caroline Barituka Ganabel ◽  
Confidence Kinikanwo Wachukwu ◽  
Samuel Douglas Abbey ◽  
Easter Godwin Nwokah
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number

Aim: This study aimed to assess the quality of drinking water in some hydrocarbon-impacted Ogoni communities. Study Design: The study employ a cross-sectional and analytical design using stratified sampling method. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Laboratory Science of Rivers State University, Giolee Global Resource Limited and Environmental Consultancy Services between March 2020 and March 2021. Methodology: Water samples were collected from (20 hydrocarbon- impacted communities) in the 4 Local Government Area (LGAs) of Ogoni land. These water samples were analyzed to determine the physicochemical, bacteriological, heavy metal and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) parameters using standard methods and operational procedures. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. The general linearized model (GIG) was used to generate analysis of variance (ANOVA) mean and standard error and arrange, statistically significant was set as p-value of .05 (95% confidence limit). Pearson correlation test was used to calculate the correlation between TPH, Heavy metal, and physicochemical parameters in hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon impacted communities. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (Version 8). Results: The results obtained for physicochemical parameters were pH 4.3±0.8 mg/l, EC 0.03±0.05 mg/l, DO 5.5±1.6 mg/l, Temp 25.0±0.0 mg/l, Mv 0.32±0.27 mg/l, Nitrite 0.0058±013 mg/l, Nitrate 0.1530±158 mg/l. These results were all below the recommended standard for Nigeria standard of drinking water quality (NSDWQ) and World Health Organization (WHO). The bacteriological analyses were carried out using multiple tubes technique (Most Probable Number), total coliform count, (TC), total heterotrophic count (THBC) and total fungal count (TFC). The results obtained were 0.941±2.397 cfu/ml, 89.3±176.6 cfu/ml, 297.8±144.4 cfu/ml, and 0.32±0.84 cfu/ml respectively. The p-values for TFC (<0.0002) were statistically significant. Heavy metal profiling was: Cr 0.194±0.320 mg/l, Cd 0.469±0.569 mg/l, Cu 0.211±0.348 mg/l, Pb 0.0336±0.20 mg/l, Fe 0.705±1.244 mg/l, Zn 0.258±0.249 mg/l, respectively. Generally, the concentration of heavy metal   increased more than the standard recommended by NSDWQ and WHO except for Zn 0.255±0.249 mg/l, and Cu 0.56±0.50 mg/l, that is slightly lower than the acceptable limit recommended by WHO and NSWWQ. The sequences of heavy metal concentration were in Cd > Cr> Pb>Fe> Cu.>Zn. The statistical significance values for Pb p=.003 and for Zn p=.009 were statistically significant. The concentration of TPH were (349.9 ppm/ml) higher than the recommended values for NSDWQ and WHO. Conclusion: The findings in this research reviewed a worrisome level of TPH and Pb, and which could have devastating impact on bacterial biodiversity.

scholarly journals Metalliferous content of drinking water and sediments in storage tanks of some schools in Erbil city, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hawraz Sami Khalid ◽  
Hoshyar Saadi Ali ◽  
Dhary Almashhadany
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality Indices

The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water in randomly selected schools in Erbil city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The water quality indices such as the Heavy metal Pollution Index (HPI) and Heavy metal Evaluation Index (HEI) were applied to characterize water quality. Eighteen schools were incorporated and sampled for their water storage tanks available to students. Water samples and sediment samples from tanks floor were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer for the determination of twenty-two metal elements. In drinking water samples, all detected metals did not exceed the permissible limits of the World Health Organization. The results of this study showed that the average values of HPI and HEI for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn were 54.442 and 0.221, respectively. According to data of the water quality indices, the schools drinking water quality are good and suitable for drinking in terms of heavy metals. However, sediments samples contained high concentrations of all elements including the toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, and Pb). Re-suspension of sediments into water column after refilling storage tanks can pose a serious threat to students drinking water from such vessels. It is therefore recommended that proper storage tanks are provided to the schools accompanied by continuous sanitation and hygiene practice to mitigate the corrosion of tanks to avoid health risks of toxic metal

Bacterial quality of drinking water sources and antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterobacteriaceae in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayeh Abera ◽  
Mulugeta Kibret ◽  
Goraw Goshu ◽  
Mulat Yimer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Probable Number

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the bacterial quality and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Enterobacteriaceae from drinking water in Bahir Dar city. A total of 140 water samples were collected in the wet and dry periods from springs (n = 4), reservoirs (n = 10) and private tap water at households (n = 126). Bacteriological analysis of water was conducted using multiple tube method. Overall, 21.4%, 18.6% and 17.8% of drinking water samples had total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC) and Escherichia coli, respectively. All spring water samples and 29.2% of private tap water had the highest TC load (18 most probable number/100 mL, 95% CI: 100). For FC, 81.4% of the drinking water supplies tested complied with both World Health Organization and Ethiopian Standards. High levels of resistance (98–100%) were observed for ampicillin by Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All P. aeruginosa isolates and 20 (66.7%) of E. coli revealed multiple drug resistance. Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited high levels of antimicrobial resistance. The bacterial quality of drinking water in Bahir Dar city was poor. Microbial surveillance and monitoring with periodic assessment on physical integrity of the water pipelines need to be undertaken.

scholarly journals IMPACTS OF DUMPSITE ON SOIL AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY: A CASE STUDY OF ERINFUN COMMUNITY, ADO EKITI, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
F., F. Akinola ◽  
M., O. Lasisi ◽  
B., S. Awe
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Groundwater pollution has increased as a result of poor waste disposal practices in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations in order to investigate the impact of dumpsites on groundwater and soil quality in Erinfun community. Four (4) water samples were collected hand dug well and four (4) soil samples designated Ss1 to Ss4 were collected at distances of 10, 20, 30 and 40 m, respectively, away from the waste dumpsite. Physicochemical parameters and traces such as odour, colour, taste and temperature, as well as Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolve Oxygen, Total Dissolve Solid, pH, and chloride were measured in collected water samples. Collected soil samples were also analyzed for heavy metals such as Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Chromium, and Lead. All the physical parameters of the water samples analysed were found not to be within the acceptable limit of World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality standards. The chemical constituents tested were within the acceptable limit of World Health Organization and Nigerian Standard of Drinking Water Quality except for the Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolve Oxygen of water samples 1 and 2, respectively. The concentration of trace metals in water sample test were within health limit except for Magnesium and Iron which has the highest concentrations in water sample 1 at 10 m away from dumpsite (61.00 mg/l and 0.46 mg/l). Consequently, open dumpsites are discouraged, and constructed standard landfills with appropriate monitoring guidelines are recommended.

scholarly journals Coliform and Vibrio cholerae Analysis of Drinking Water Collected from Cholera Outbreak Region of Bhaktapur Municipality

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽  
Hishila Sujakhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Water Borne

Water borne infections in Nepal, especially in Kathmandu valley is one the major public health problems, causing thousands of deaths every year. Among three cities in the valley, the water borne infection including cholera is most predominant in Bhaktapur district. So the study was carried out to know the microbial drinking water quality in the city and to determine the prevalence of water borne infections in the specified region of the district in 2012. Altogether eighty (two samples from a single site at different interval-2/3 days) water samples were collected from Bhaktapur Municipality, one of the most vulnerable regions for water borne diseases, following standard methods as described by APHA, 2010. All samples were transferred to Microbiology laboratory of Khwopa College, Dekocha, Bhaktapur and preceded immediately for Microbial analysis. The coliform density in the water samples were determined by Most Probable Number (MPN) method followed by microscopy, colonial morphology and biochemical characterization. Subsequently, the presence of Vibrio cholerae, a causative agent of Cholera was analyzed in the same samples by enrichment in alkaline peptone water followed by culture on Thiosulphate citrate bile-salt sucrose (TCBS) agar, a selective media for Vibrio spp. The biochemical tests were then performed to identify V. cholerae. Among eighty water samples, 87.5 percent water samples contained coliforms and half of which (45%) contained feacal coliforms, Escherichia coli and remaining 12.5 percent water samples contained no coliforms. Vibrio cholerae were isolated from four water samples (5%). The drinking water quality in the region was found to be very poor. Therefore, the people in the region were suggested to treat the drinking water by using any of physical or chemical disinfection methods prior to drinking. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i3.11073 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(3) 2014: 139-145

Variation in some water quality parameters in vended water from source to consumption: A case of Anguwar Liman area of Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
F. B. Ibrahim ◽  
F. J. Ogbozige ◽  
A. M. Jimoh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
The Mean

Objective: In recent years, vended water has increasingly become a source of drinking water in most of the urban and rural centers of developing countries due to inadequate piped water supplies. Hence, this study assessed the quality of vended water and its level of contamination at source, during transportation, and at point of use in Unguwar Liman area of Samaru-Zaria during rainy and dry seasons. Materials and Methods: This included assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics and comparing the findings with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). The water samples were analyzed for color, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, nitrate, phosphate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total coliform (TC). Results: The color of all the samples was constant at 5 true color unit irrespective of season and point of sampling. However, the mean concentrations or values of the three points assessed for turbidity, TDS, pH, and nitrate during dry and wet seasons were 1.693 and 2.663 nephelometric turbidity unit; 670 and 257 mg/l; 8.3 and 7.3 then 0.105 and 0.178 mg/l, respectively. Similarly, the mean concentrations for phosphate, BOD, and TC during dry and wet seasons were 0.0006 and 0.0068 mg/l; 1.052 and 0.928 mg/l, and 4 and 27 most probable number/100 ml, respectively. The result also revealed that all the physicochemical parameters investigated were within the acceptable limits of the WHO standard and NSDWQ irrespective of the season (except TDS during the wet season), while coliform counts were above the permissible limit during both seasons. Conclusion: It was established that the vended water of the study area has better quality during the dry season hence, inhabitants of the study area were advised to disinfect vended water mostly during the rainy season before consumption in other to avoid waterborne diseases.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and physico-chemical assessment of untreated drinking water used by residents in Ofougbene- Izon-Borotu Community, Delta State

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 048-060
Author(s):  
Otajevwo Dafinone Festus ◽  
Dio Princess Tamaramiene
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
State Government ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
The People

This study was aimed at assessing the bacteriological and physio-chemical qualities of the ground well water which is the only available drinking water to residents of Ofougbene community of Burutu Local Government Area, in order to check it's fitness for drinking and evaluate the awareness of the people about dangers of drinking untreated water. Seven water samples coded Station1-Station 7 were obtained from seven different ground wells in the study area. Bacteriological assessment was done by Most Probable Number (MPN) technique while physical, chemical and organic analyses of the water samples were carried out by known standard methods. Bacterial organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. All ground water samples contained total aerobic bacterial load ranging from 1.8 x 103 to 7.0 x 103 CFU/ml. The mean ± standard deviation values of pH, electrical conductivity, color, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids, alkalinity, chloride, hardness, phosphates, nitrates, sulphates, calcium, magnesium, Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand were: 5.8±16.43, 51.4±27.0uS/cm, 22.4±12.32mg/l, 11.8±5.14mg/l, 28.4±15.10mg/l, 3.8±3.80mg/l, 15.4±12.49mg/l, 21.12±0.02mg/l, 53.3±32.72mg/l, 0.20±0.04mg/l, 2.77±0.27mg/l, 9.28±3.60mg/l, 11.9±12.10mg/l, 1.7±0.51mg/l, 5.9±0.58mg/l and 3.04±0.51mg/l respectively for all the water samples assessed. Whereas water quality status for all samples was unsatisfactory, water quality concern was high. Compared to reference values provided by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and presence of pathogens, we conclude that the ground water used by the people of the community is unfit for human consumption. This is for the immediate attention of the Public Health Authorities of both the LGA concerned and the Delta State Government.

scholarly journals Escherichia Coli Content in Refill Drinking Water (AMIU) in Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Azwar Azwar ◽  
Safrida Safrida ◽  
Yarmaliza Yarmaliza ◽  
Fitrah Reynaldi ◽  
Arfah Husna
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria

The quality of drinking water supply must be guaranteed. The WHO (World Health Organization) determines water quality by means of E. Coli bacteria. Based on the Minister of Health Regulation No. 492 / MENKES / PER / IV / 2010 The maximum permissible content of E. Coli in drinking water is 0 per 100 ml. The presence of E. coli in water is an indicator of human and animal fecal pollution that can cause diarrhea and even death. Selection of Refillable Drinking Water (AMIU) as an alternative to fulfill drinking water needs is a risk that can endanger health if the quality of AMIU is added if consumers do not pay attention to safety and hygiene. This study aims to see the content of E. coli in Refill Drinking Water (AMIU) in Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency. This research is experimental with cross sectional design using quantitative laboratory examination with the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The population in this study were all refill drinking water depots that did not have a drinking certificate in Samatiga District, West Aceh Regency. The research sample used a total sampling method of 7 refill drinking water depots. The results of the analysis showed that from all samples as many as 6 samples (85.71%) tested positive for Escherichia coli bacteria and 1 sample (14.29%) tested negative for Escherichia coli bacteria. Based on the calculation of the number of colonies with the MPN / 100 ml table then comparing with the requirements of the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010 concerning drinking water quality requirements that the 6 samples tested positive were not suitable for consumption.

scholarly journals Quality of water sources in Southwestern Uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT): a cross-sectional descriptive study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-693
Author(s):  
Richard Onyuthi Apecu ◽  
Lucas Ampaire ◽  
Edgar Mugema Mulogo ◽  
Fred Norman Bagenda ◽  
Afsatou Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Gravitational Flow ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Compartment Bag Test

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological quality of water sources in the two rural areas of Uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT). In total, 200 water samples were collected from 69 different water sources and processed within 6 h of collection. Positive and negative controls were processed each day together with water samples. Physical parameters were measured in situ. Descriptive statistics were used to generate mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviations and percentages. The results indicated that 29% of the water sources met the National Standards and World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for drinking water. Sixty percent of the borehole, 44% of gravitational flow taps and 14% of roof rain water met the required standards. Of the open water sources, 75% of the rivers, 50% of open channels and 43% of unprotected dug wells plus 25% of protected springs and 9% of gravitational flow schemes had most probable number counts &gt;100 Escherichia coli/100 mL of water. Most of the water sources in the study areas were not fit for human consumption without prior treatment. The CBT was found to be robust and easy to use in all field situations. The mean physical parameters of water sources were within the acceptable limits.

scholarly journals Is Drinking Water Sources Safe for Drink? A Multicenter Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Sources in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goyitom Gebremedhn ◽  
Abera Aregawi Berhe ◽  
Abraham Aregay Desta ◽  
Lemlem Legesse
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Tigray Region ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

Abstract Background Fecal contamination of drinking water sources is the main cause of diarrhea with estimated incidence of 4.6 billion episodes and 2.2 million deaths every year. Methods A total of 145 water samples of different source type were collected from different areas in Tigray region from August 2018 to January 2019. The water samples from each site were selected purposively which involved sampling of water sources with the highest number of users and functionality status during the study period. Most Probable Number (MPN) protocol was used for the bacteriological analysis of the samples. Results A total of 145 water samples were collected from six zones in Tigray region, Ethiopia from August 2018 to January 2019. The study indicated that 63(43.5%) of the water samples were detected to have fecal coliform which is E.coli. In Mekelle city, which is the capital city of Tigray region, three in five 34(60.7%) of the collected samples were confirmed to have fecal coliform. Water samples from health facilities were 9.48 times [AOR=9.48, 95%CI: (1.59, 56.18)] more likely to have fecal coliform. Water samples from wells were 10.23 times [AOR=10.23, 95%CI: (2.74, 38.26)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Similarly, water samples from hand pumps were 22.28 times [AOR=22.28, 95%CI: (1.26, 393.7)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Water samples reported to be not chlorinated were 3.51 times [AOR=3.51, 95%CI: (1.35, 9.13)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from chlorinated sources. Conclusion In this study all water source, including the chlorinated drinking water sources, were found highly contaminated with fecal origin bacteria. This may be mainly due to constructional defects, poor sanitation inspection, poor maintenance, intermittent water supply and irregular chlorination.

Detection of Coliform, faecal Coliform And Total Bacterial Count From Drinking Water Of Varanasi (U.P.) India

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alok Kumar Singh ◽  
Anand Prakash Singh ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Hand Pump

In India source of drinking water at Varanasi city for common people are tap water, well, hand pump, Ganga river and stored tank water collected from bore well. All water samples were studied to assess their bacteriological characteristics and suitability for potable purposes. A cross-sectional epidemiological method was adopted to investigate the drinking water of six different sites of Varanasi city. The bacteriological examination of water samples included the most probable number of presumptive coliforms, faecal coliforms, and total bacterial count. The results showed that the total coliform count was detected in all the site. In all the methods coliforms presence was indicated. Maximum number of coliform observed in all the seasons, were from river and well water followed by hand pump, tap water and stored tank. The most common group of indicator organisms used in water quality monitoring are coliforms. These organisms are representative of bacteria normally present in the intestinal tract of mammals including human. Contamination of water may occur through different way like sewage disposal in the river, seepage of bathing near sites, fecal excreta of human, bird and other animals. Improving and expanding the existing water treatment and sanitation systems are more likely to provide good, safe and sustainable sources of water in the long term.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document