scholarly journals Pattern of Maternal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Colonization in Relation to CD4 Count among HIV Positive Women in Jos

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Dahal A. Samuel ◽  
Sabitu M. Zainu ◽  
Hosea S. Hamafyelto ◽  
Ille Mamman ◽  
Daniel Z. Egah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Colonization Rate ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Hiv Negative

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of GBS colonization among HIV positive and HIV negative pregnant women in relation to CD4 cell counts. Materials and Methodology: This was a hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study of 200 pregnant women (100 HIV positive and 100 HIV negative) and 100 non-pregnant women (50 HIV positive and 50 HIV negative) obtaining health care at the Jos University Teaching Hospital between July 2017 and November 2017. Systematic sampling technique and written informed consent were used in recruiting subjects for this study. High vaginal and anorectal swabs were collected from each subject after filling a structured questionnaire. CD4 cell count was also done for all the HIV positive patients at Aids Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (APIN) of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). The results from the laboratory analysis of the specimens were computed using SPSS version 21. Results: A colonization rate of 7.3% was observed in HIV positive patients compare to 5.3% in HIV negative. The different in colonization rate between the two groups was not statistically significant (X2 = 0.507; P = 0.477) (Table 1). In pregnant women living with HIV, colonization rate was 8.0% compare to 5.0% observed in non-pregnant women living with HIV. This however, was not statistically significant (Table 2) (χ2 = 0.013; P = 0.908). HIV positive subjects with low CD4 counts (<200 cells/μl) were observed to have high colonization rate (20.0%) than patients with high CD4 counts (≥500 cells/μl). Those with CD4 counts between 200-499 cells/μl had 8.1% colonization rate. These findings, though not statistically significant (Table 4) (χ2 = 1.3814; P = 0.2399), the increased colonization rate in low CD4 cell counts may be due to inability of the patient to mount immune response against the organism. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in GBS colonization among HIV positive patients. A higher colonization rate was observed in HIV patients among the age group 21-25 years; ager was not significantly risk factor for GBS colonization in HIV patients. CD4 cell counts seem not to play any significant role in GBS colonization rate. Although, it was observed to be higher in patients with low CD4 cell counts; the different was not statistically significant.

scholarly journals The correlation of tuberculosis smear results and immuno-suppression with CD4+ counts as a surrogate marker among HIV infected patients.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Kamvuma ◽  
Yusuf ademola ◽  
Warren Chanda ◽  
Christopher Newton Phiri ◽  
Sam Bezza Phiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Abstract Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and M.tuberculosis are two intracellular pathogens that interact at the cellular, clinical and population levels. Since the recognition of AIDS in 1981, the number of reported cases of TB in the has increased substantially, especially in regions with high incidence of AIDS. The main aim of this study was to establish weather there is a relationship between sputum smear positives and low CD4 cell counts among HIV infected patients.Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study involving 473 participants. The patients recruited in this study were those who tested HIV positive and smear positive for TB. Their HIV status was determined by performing an HIV blood test, if they were HIV positive their CD4 cell count were then made.Results: This study examined the relation between smear positivity and low CD4 (below 200cells/µl) together with CD8 and CD3 markers as a measure of immune function among patients infected with HIV. The study participants’ constituted males 67% and females 33%. The overall mean age was 33.2 (SD 6.9) with the youngest and oldest participants being 18 and 60 respectively. It was found that smear positive results negatively (r=-0.13; p=0.021) correlated with CD4+ below 200 cells/µl. No correlation was observed between smear positives and CD8+ or CD3+ since the calculated correlation coefficient was not significant 0.007 (p=0.9) and 0.03 (p=0.6) respectively. There are more 3+ smear results below 200 cells/µl than the others while above 200 cells/µl 1+ was the most commonly reported smear result. The scanty smear positives were the least commonly reported result in the low and high CD4 counts. Conclusion: The smear positive result negatively correlated with a low CD4+ (r=-0.13; p=0.021) but no correlation with low CD+8 and CD+3 results was observed. The long held theory that low bacillary counts in patients with low CD4+ counts needs to be revisited. The reduction of CD4+ cell count parallels' that of the total lymphocyte count and is more marked in patients with high bacillary counts. Further, studies are required to confirm these findings

The values of quantitative serum HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4 cell counts for predicting survival time among HIV-positive individuals with CD4 counts of ≤50×106 cells/l

AIDS ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoin P. G. Coakley ◽  
Matthew H. Samore ◽  
Jacqueline M. Gillis ◽  
Michael D. Hughes ◽  
Scott M. Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Rna Levels

scholarly journals Prevalence and viral loads of polyomaviruses BKPyV, JCPyV, MCPyV, TSPyV and NJPyV and hepatitis viruses HBV, HCV and HEV in HIV-infected patients in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianfeng Zhou ◽  
Kenji Nakashima ◽  
Masahiko Ito ◽  
Xiaoling Zhang ◽  
Satoshi Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Abstract Human polyomaviruses (PyVs) and hepatitis viruses are often more prevalent or persistent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons and the associated diseases are more abundant than in immunocompetent individuals. Here, we evaluated seroreactivities and viral loads of human PyVs and hepatitis viruses in HIV/AIDS patients and the general population in China in the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. A total of 810 HIV-1-infected patients and age- and sex-matched HIV-negative individuals were enrolled to assess seroprevalence of PyVs BKPyV, JCPyV, MCPyV, TSPyV, and NJPyV and hepatitis viruses HBV, HCV, and HEV. 583 (72%) patients received cART, and among them, 31.2% had undetectable HIV RNA. While no significant difference was observed in prevalence of anti-PyV antibodies between HIV-positive and -negative groups, serum DNA positivity and DNA copy level of MCPyV were higher in the HIV-positive group. Among HIV-infected patients, BKPyV DNA positivity was significantly higher in patients with CD4 + cell counts < 200 cells/mm3 compared to those with CD4 + cell counts > 500 cells/mm3, suggesting possible reactivation caused by HIV-induced immune suppression. Higher HBV and HCV seropositivities but not HEV seropositivity were also observed in the HIV-positive group. Further correlation analyses demonstrated that HBV and HEV are potential risk factors for increased prevalence of PyV infection.

Differences Between Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) with Low CD4 Cell Counts at Their First HIV Test and MSM with Higher CD4 Counts in Bangkok, Thailand

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (S3) ◽  
pp. 398-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vorapot Sapsirisavat ◽  
◽  
Nittaya Phanuphak ◽  
Jiratchaya Sophonphan ◽  
James E. Egan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Cd4 Cell

scholarly journals TB Meningitis in HIV-Positive Patients in Europe and Argentina: Clinical Outcome and Factors Associated with Mortality

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie W. Efsen ◽  
Alexander M. Panteleev ◽  
Daniel Grint ◽  
Daria N. Podlekareva ◽  
Anna Vassilenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Objectives.The study aimed at describing characteristics and outcome of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in HIV-positive patients and comparing these parameters with those of extrapulmonary TB (TBEP) and pulmonary TB (TBP).Methods.Kaplan-Meier estimation and Poisson regression models were used to assess the mortality following TB diagnosis and to evaluate potential prognostic factors for the 3 groups of TB patients separately.Results.A total of 100 patients with TBM, 601 with TBEP, and 371 TBP were included. Patients with TBM had lower CD4 cell counts and only 17.0% received antiretroviral therapy (ART) at TB diagnosis. The cumulative probability of death at 12 months following TB was 51.2% for TBM (95% CI 41.4–61.6%), 12.3% for TBP (8.9–15.7%), and 19.4% for TBEP (16.1–22.6) (P<0.0001; log-rank test). For TBM, factors associated with a poorer prognosis were not being on ART (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 4.00 (1.72–9.09), a prior AIDS diagnosis (aIRR=4.82(2.61–8.92)), and receiving care in Eastern Europe (aIRR=5.41(2.58–11.34))).Conclusions.TBM among HIV-positive patients was associated with a high mortality rate, especially for patients from Eastern Europe and patients with advanced HIV-infection, which urgently calls for public health interventions to improve both TB and HIV aspects of patient management.

scholarly journals Spectrum of opportunistic infections with correlation to CD4 counts in newly diagnosed HIV seropositive cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar Sarvepalli ◽  
Prakash Kalakappa Dharana
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Background: A rise in HIV/AIDS is observed in resource poor countries like India despite successful implementation of control programmes. Most of these deaths recorded in cases of AIDS are because of opportunistic infections [OI] and other malignancies. The reason may be attributed to the effective destruction or decrease in CD4 cells which play a pivotal role in immune system. OI cause substantial morbidity and hospitalization, economical loss to the society and shorten the survival time of HIV patient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the different type of infections and identify the frequent pathogens affecting the HIV patients who are attending a tertiary care hospital in India. The clinical profile of these patients was studied and proportion of CD4 counts with respect to their type of infection and pathogen is also evaluated.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted for one year period. Clinical samples were collected from all the newly diagnosed cases of HIV and performed various staining techniques and cultured on appropriate culture media.  All the isolates were identified as per standard guidelines. Serological evaluation for IgM antibodies for toxoplasma was done by ELISA. CD4 counts were estimated by FACS.Results: Tuberculosis was the commonest (67%) OI in HIV cases, followed by candidiasis (61.5%), respiratory tract infections (50%), gastro intestinal tract infections (44%) and meningitis (38%) in our study. The mean CD4 cell counts in the study was 267.11cells/µl. The commonest fungal pathogen was C.albicans and Cryptosporidium parvum the parasitic pathogen. The mean CD4 cell counts were lesser in parasitic infections when compared to bacterial and fungal infections. Six cases of P.jiroveci pneumonia were identified in our study. Mortality was recorded among the HIV cases with CD4 cell counts <50 cells/ µl.Conclusions: Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of OIs contributes to increased life expectancy among infected patients, delaying the progression to AIDS. This study helps the clinicians in proper guidance to come up with right diagnosis and early response to manage the patients in resource poor countries like India.

scholarly journals Cytomegalovirus Antibodies Amongst Immunocompromised (HIV) Patients At Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) Idi - Araba, Lagos

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
AA Akinbami ◽  
AS Akanmu ◽  
TA Adeyemo ◽  
KO Wright ◽  
MO Dada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Previous History ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Background: CMV infection constitutes a real risk of pathogenecity in immunocompromised patient. HIV- infectedpatients who require transfusion are at high risk of developing symptomatic CMV infection when they are transfusedwith CMV-infected donor blood. This study intends to determine CMV infection risk in correlation with bloodtransfusion in a population of HIV- infected patientsMethods: The study was carried out amongst clients attending HIV clinic at Lagos University Teaching Hospital(LUTH), who were recruited consecutively. Replacement blood donors of the hospital were recruited as controls. Atotal of 10mls of blood sample was collected per consenting participant. The serum obtained from 5ml of blood wasassayed for CMV IgG/IgM using an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based Kit whilst full blood countand CD4 cell counts were also performed on the remaining 5mls.Results: A total of 129 HIV-infected were studied. All (100%) were IgG anti-CMV positive. 8 (6.6%) were IgM anti-CMV positive. This difference was found to be statistically significant P=0.004, (P<0.05). Of 122 replacement blooddonor controls, 118 (96%) of them were IgG anti-CMV positive whilst 26 (19.5%) of 121 were IgM anti-CMVpositive.The mean CD4+ cell count of HIV-infected patients was (234 ± 173.181). Previous history of bloodtransfusion did not affect CMV antibody positivity directly.Conclusion: The seroprevalence of CMV is very high in HIV-infected patients, which is comparable to theseroprevalence amongst the general population The use of leukoreduced blood units for anaemic HIV infectedpatients, is recommended.Keywords: Seroprevalence; CMV IgG/IgM; ELISA; healthy blood donors; HIV-infected patients.DOI: 10.3329/jom.v11i2.5462J MEDICINE 2010; 11 : 151-154

scholarly journals Molecular Detection and Clinical Implications of HTLV-1 Infections among Antiretroviral Therapy-Naïve HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Abuja, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. VRT.S35331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idris Abdullahi Nasir ◽  
Abdurrahman Elfulaty Ahmad ◽  
Anthony Uchenna Emeribe ◽  
Muhammad Sagir Shehu ◽  
Jessy Thomas Medugu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Special Clinic ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Hiv 1

Background Individuals with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1)/HIV-1 coinfection have been demonstrated to undergo CD4+ lymphocytosis even in the face of immunodeficiency and increased vulnerability to opportunistic pathogens that can lead to poor prognosis. Objective This study investigated the prevalence as well as the effects of HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfection on CD4+ cell counts, routine hematology, and biochemical parameters of study participants. Materials and Methods This prospective cross-sectional study involved 184 blood samples collected from HIV-1-seropositive individuals attending HIV-special clinic of the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria. These samples were analyzed for anti-HTLV-1/2 IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, CD4+ cell counts, and some routine hematological and biochemical parameters. All samples were also tested for HTLV-1 provirus DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results Of the 184 subjects studied, 9 (4.9%) were anti-HTLV-1/2 IgM seropositive; however, upon real-time PCR testing, 12 (6.5%) had detectable HTLV-1 provirus DNA. The CD4+ cell count was significantly high in HTLV-1-positive (742 ± 40.2) subjects compared to their HTLV-1-negative (380 ± 28.5) counterpart ( P-value = 0.025). However, there was no significant association between HTLV-1 positivity with other hematology and biochemical parameters studied ( P > 0.05). Conclusion All subjects (100%) who were HTLV-1/HIV-1-coinfected had normal CD4+ counts. This gives contrasting finding on the true extent of immunodeficiency of subjects. So it is suggested to be very careful in using only CD4+ counts to monitor disease progression and as indicators for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings. In such conditions, there may be a need to test for HTLV-1 alongside HIV viral loads in order to begin appropriate ART regimens that contain both pathogens.

scholarly journals Effect of Macrolide Prophylactic Therapy on AIDS-Defining Conditions and HIV-Related Mortality

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S59-S59
Author(s):  
Mark Kristoffer Pasayan ◽  
Mary Lorraine Mationg ◽  
David Boettiger ◽  
Wilson Lam ◽  
Fujie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Immune Recovery ◽  
Combination Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Background Mycobacterium avium–intracelllulare complex (MAC) prophylaxis is recommended for patients with CD4 counts of &lt; 50 cells/mm3. With the significant decrease in incidence of disseminated MAC infection and the effective immune recovery due to the availability of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), the benefits of giving MAC prophylaxis were investigated. This study examined the impact of macrolide prophylaxis on AIDS-defining conditions and HIV-associated mortality in a cohort of HIV-infected patients on ART. Methods TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) patients aged ≥18 years with a CD4 count &lt; 50 cells/mm3 at ART initiation were included. The effect of macrolide prohylaxis on HIV-associated mortality or an AIDS event (as a combined outcome) and HIV-associated mortality alone were evaluated using competing risk regression. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess whether results were consistent in patients with a CD4 &lt; 100 cells/mm3 at ART initiation. Results Of 1,345 eligible patients (78% male with median age at ART initiation of 34.8 years), 10.6% received macrolide prophylaxis. The rates of the combined outcome and HIV-associated mortality per 100 patient years were 7.35 [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.04–8.95] and 3.14 (95% CI: 2.35–4.19), respectively. After adjusting for possible confounders, macrolide use was associated with a significantly decreased risk of HIV-associated mortality (HR 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01–0.80, P = 0.031) but not the combined outcome (HR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.32–2.229, P = 0.764). Sensitivity analyses showed that, among patients with a CD4 &lt; 100 cells/ mm3 at ART initiation, these results were consistent. Conclusion Macrolide prophylaxis is associated with significantly improved survival among Asian HIV-infected patients with very low CD4 cell counts. The benefits of giving macrolide prophylaxis remain despite the availability of effective ART. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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