scholarly journals Silver Hull Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a Part of Nature that Offers Best Health and Honour

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-52
Author(s):  
Sumanta Mondal ◽  
Kausik Bhar ◽  
Suvendu Kumar Sahoo ◽  
Ganapaty Seru ◽  
Md. Ashfaquddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

The gluten-free pseudocereal Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Silver hull buckwheat) belongs to the Polygonaceae family, which has a long history of both edible and medicinal use. It's a highly nutritious food ingredient that's been shown to have a variety of health benefits. Plasma cholesterol levels are lowered, neuroprotection is given, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic effects are provided, and hypertension conditions are improved thanks to Silver hull buckwheat. It has also been stated to have prebiotic and antioxidant properties. The aim of this review was to include an up-to-date and detailed study of F. esculentum. Furthermore, the potential for future research was addressed. Flavonoids, phenolics, fagopyritols, triterpenoids, hormones, and fatty acids are among the various compounds derived from F. esculentum. The main active ingredients were believed to be flavonoids and phenolic compounds. All of the information presented leads us to believe that Silver hull buckwheat has a strong medicinal potential. However, further research is needed to better understand its bioactive constituents, their structural functions, and molecular mechanisms underlying.

scholarly journals Lipid-lowering Activity of Natural and Semi-Synthetic Sterols and Stanols

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhiaa A Taha ◽  
Ellen K Wasan ◽  
Kishor M Wasan ◽  
Pavel Gershkovich
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Lowering Activity

Consumption of plant sterols/ stanols has long been demonstrated to reduce plasma cholesterol levels. The objective of this review is to demonstrate the lipid-lowering activity and anti-atherogenic effects of natural and semi-synthetic plant sterols/ stanols based on evidence from cell-culture studies, animal studies and clinical trials. Additionally, this review highlights certain molecular mechanisms by which plant sterols/ stanols lower plasma cholesterol levels with a special emphasis on factors that affect the cholesterol-lowering activity of plant sterols/stanols. The crystalline nature and the poor oil solubility of these natural products could be important factors that limit their cholesterol-lowering efficiency. Several attempts have been made to improve the cholesterol-lowering activity by enhancing the bioavailability of crystalline sterols and stanols. Approaches involved reduction of the crystal size and/or esterification with fatty acids from vegetable or fish oils. However, the most promising approach in this context is the chemical modification of plant sterols /stanols into water soluble disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphates analogue by esterification with ascorbic acid. This novel semi-synthetic stanol derivative has improved efficacy over natural plant sterols/ stanols and can provide additional benefits by combining the cholesterol-lowering properties of plant stanols with the antioxidant potential of ascorbic acid. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

scholarly journals Chemical Structures and Pharmacological Profiles of Ginseng Saponins

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze-Yu Shi ◽  
Jin-Zhang Zeng ◽  
Alice Sze Tsai Wong
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Anticancer Effects ◽  
Steroid Glycosides ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
History Of Use

Ginseng is a group of cosmopolitan plants with more than a dozen species belonging to the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae that has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Among the bioactive constituents extracted from ginseng, ginseng saponins are a group of natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins found exclusively throughout the plant. Studies have shown that these ginseng saponins play a significant role in exerting multiple therapeutic effects. This review covers their chemical structure and classification, as well as their pharmacological activities, including their regulatory effects on immunomodulation, their anticancer effects, and their functions in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. The general benefits of ginseng saponins for boosting physical vitality and improving quality of life are also discussed. The review concludes with fruitful directions for future research in the use of ginseng saponins as effective therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Accumulation Mechanism of Anthocyanins in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Cotyledons and Flowers

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengwu Fang ◽  
Zehao Hou ◽  
Shuping Wang ◽  
Zhixiong Liu ◽  
Shudong Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Common Buckwheat ◽  
Accumulation Mechanism ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Differently Expressed Genes ◽  
High Expression Level

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a valuable crop which can produce multiple human beneficial secondary metabolites, for example, the anthocyanins in sprouts and flowers. However, as the predominant group of visible polyphenols in pigmentation, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the anthocyanin biosynthesis within buckwheat. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis of green and red common buckwheat cultivars was carried out through RNA sequencing. Overall, 3727 and 5323 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in flowers and cotyledons, respectively. Through GO and KEGG analysis, we revealed that DEGs in flowers and cotyledons are predominately involved in biosynthesis of anthocyanin. A total of 42 unigenes encoding 11 structural enzymes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified as DEGs. We also identified some transcription factor families involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Real-time qPCR validation of candidate genes was performed in flowers and cotyledons, and the results suggested that the high expression level of structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway promotes anthocyanin accumulation. Our results provide the insight understanding for coloration of red common buckwheat.

scholarly journals Promising Sources of Antioxidants from Herbs and Spices: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
Sofia Khanam ◽  
Aman Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Synthetic Antioxidants ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Indian Medicine ◽  
Indian Medicine ◽  
Herbs And Spices

Herbs and spices are rich sources of potent antioxidants. For over 2000 years, herbs and spices are used in every kind of treatment in TIM (Traditional Indian Medicine) and TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), as flavoring, coloring, and fragrance agents. Herbs and spices have various kinds of bioactive constituents which are potential and promising sources of antioxidants. The herb’s and spice’s history is as old and long as the history of mankind. The antioxidants in herbs and spices are very much effective because they have excellent antioxidant activity. In recent times it is an increase in the interest for the recognition, identification of antioxidants compounds that are well-potentiate and have nominal or very much fewer side effects. This interest in growing and it is under various projects at a global level. This study provides some details on the most popular and most widely used herbs and spices and explains their antioxidant properties. Therefore, using herbs and spices is a safer option than using synthetic antioxidants, which have become prevalent and broadly acceptable by consumers.

Bayesian Inference in Human Time Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Psychophysical Testing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Perception Of Time

Time is a fundamental dimension of human perception, cognition and action, as the perception and cognition of temporal information is essential for everyday activities and survival. Innumerable studies have investigated the perception of time over the last 100 years, but the neural and computational bases for the processing of time remains unknown. First, we present a brief history of research and the methods used in time perception and then discuss the psychophysical approach to time, extant models of time perception, and advancing inconsistencies between each account that this review aims to bridge the gap between. Recent work has advocated a Bayesian approach to time perception. This framework has been applied to both duration and perceived timing, where prior expectations about when a stimulus might occur in the future (prior distribution) are combined with current sensory evidence (likelihood function) in order to generate the perception of temporal properties (posterior distribution). In general, these models predict that the brain uses temporal expectations to bias perception in a way that stimuli are ‘regularized’ i.e. stimuli look more like what has been seen before. Evidence for this framework has been found using human psychophysical testing (experimental methods to quantify behaviour in the perceptual system). Finally, an outlook for how these models can advance future research in temporal perception is discussed.

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