scholarly journals Micromorphological and Pharmacognostic Studies of Leaf and Stem of Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (Lamiaceae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 230-240
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Anwanabasi E. Udoh ◽  
Nsima A. Andy ◽  
Affiong C. Essien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Solenostemon monostachyus P. Beauv (Lamiaceae), it’s ethnomedical uses include anti-plasmodial, anti-pyretic, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. The aim of this study was to employ the quality control parameters in the evaluation of the leaf and stem of Solenostemon monostachyus to aid in the identification and standardization of the medicinal plant. The plant leaves and stems were collected, identified, air-dried, pulverized and stored in separate glass containers. Standard procedures were employed to obtain the microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence properties, moisture contents, ash values and soluble extractive values. The results of the microscopic studies using fresh and powdered leaf samples revealed the presence of diacytic stomata on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces (amphistomatic), with stomatal index of 27.9% and 14.8% respectively. The result of the micromeritics properties of the powdered leaf and stem samples showed angles of repose of 38.0o and 46.0o, Carr’s index of 23.7% and 32.5% and Hausner’s ratios of 1.3 and 1.5 respectively. Results for the moisture content, total, acid-insoluble and water-soluble ash values were 11.7%w/w, 13.7%w/w, 1.8%w/w and 9.4%w/w for the leaf and 13.3%w/w, 17.3%w/w, 1.8%w/w and 9.2%w/w for the stem respectively. Extractive values for water-soluble, methanol-soluble and ethanol-soluble were 26.5%w/w, 32.3%w/w, 14.5%w/w and 15.5%w/w, 15.8%w/w and 14.5%w/w for the leaf and stem respectively. Chemomicroscopy indicated the presence of lignin, calcium oxalate crystals and protein in the leaf and stem. The results obtained therefore could be used to establish pharmacopoeial standard for the fresh and powdered drug products of Solenostemon monostachyus, thus preventing adulteration.

scholarly journals Phytopharmceutical Standardization of Leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis J. L. Ellis & Saroja. (Euphorbiaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Uwemedimo F. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Omodot T. Umoh ◽  
Victor U. Anah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Container ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Plant Sample ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Tapped Density

Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. Ellis & Saroja. (Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub commonly used as an edible vegetable and is also used as a tonic herb. The study was aimed to evaluate pharmacognostic parameters of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves. The plant leaves were collected, air-dried, pulverized and stored in a clean glass container. Standard procedures were employed to obtain the microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence properties, moisture content, ash values and soluble extractive values were also carried out. The results of the microscopic studies using the fresh and powered leaf samples revealed the presence of anomocytic, anomalous and paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface and anomocytic stomata on the adaxial surface. The plant sample also possessed unicellular trichomes. Results of micromeritic properties of the powdered samples show bulk volume of 38.67±0.7, tapped volume of 30.00±0.4, bulk density of 0.26±0.00, tapped  density of 0.33±0.00, angle of repose of 350, Carr’s Index of 22.96±2.15, Hausner’s ratio of 1.27±0.03, pH of 7.51 and 7.52 when hot and cold respectively. Chemomicroscopy studies revealed the presence of lignin, mucilage, calcium oxalate crystals, starch and oil in the powdered leaf. Results for moisture contents was 18.33±0.01% w/w, total ash value was 9.33±0.00%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value was 0.67±0.01%w/w, water-soluble ash value was 4.0±0.00%w/w and sulfated ash value was 14±0.01%w/w. Results for ethanol-soluble extractive value was 15±0.00%w/w, methanol-soluble extractive value was 19±0.00%w/w and water-soluble extractive value was 27±0.01%w/w. In conclusion, the above evaluation and parameters could be used to establish pharmacopoeial standard of both fresh and powdered drug of Jatropha tanjorensis.

scholarly journals Pharmacobotanic characterization of young stems and stem barks of Rauvolfia sellowii Müll. Arg., Apocynaceae

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leopoldo Clemente Baratto ◽  
Márcia do Rocio Duarte ◽  
Cid Aimbiré de Moraes Santos
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Indole Alkaloids ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Anatomical Characteristic ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Native Tree

Rauvolfia sellowii Müll. Arg. (Apocynaceae), a Brazilian native tree rich in indole alkaloids, is known as "pau-pra-tudo" and popularly used as hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic and antihypertensive. The aim of this work was to study the anatomy of the young stems and stem barks of this medicinal plant, in order to contribute to the identification of the species as a drug. The plant material was fixed and prepared according to standard microtechniques. The young stems have remaining epidermis, but a suberified peridermis is evident. The phellogen is located in the cortical region, forming suber externally. Underneath the phellogen, lies the phelloderm and collenchymatic region. In the cortex, there are numerous laticifers and some fibers. There is an incomplete sclerenchymatic sheath, consisting of several groups of fibers and stone cells. The stem has internal phloem ordered as isolated groups side by side. Numerous laticifers, calcium oxalate crystals, idioblasts and amyloplasts are found in the cortex, phloem, xylem and pith. The stem bark has many layers of suber and cortical parenchyma, a sheath composed of fibers and stone cells totally lignified, and external phloem. These anatomical characteristic, taken together, can be used as quality control parameters for this species.

scholarly journals Phytopharmacognostic Evaluation of the Leaves OF Gnetum africanum Welw (Gnetaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Uwemedimo F. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Omodot T. Umoh ◽  
Victor U. Anah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Stomatal Number

Background: Gnetum africanum Welw (Gnetaceae) also called African salad and Afang in Ibibio language is an evergreen, perennial, shade-tolerant vine with woody stems which can climb up to 12m or more from a tuberous root-stock. It has culinary and medicinal importance. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmacognostic parameters of Gnetum africanum. Methods: The leaves were identified, collected, air-dried, pulverized, weighed and subjected to the evaluation of its microscopy, micromeritics, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence, soluble extractive values, moisture content and ash values using standard procedures. Results: The results obtained from microscopy revealed that the leaf has brachyparacytic, stomata, 3-5 armed and stellate trichromes on the abaxial surface. The epidermal cell wall pattern was undulate on the abaxial surface and sinuous on the adaxial surface. Stomatal number was found to be 3.1 ± 0.25 on the abaxial surface and Stomatal index was found to be 16.8% on the abaxial surface. The micromeritics analysis of the leaf powder revealed passable flow with the angle of repose of 420. The result of chemomicroscopy of the leaf revealed the presence of mucilage, lignin, calcium oxalate crystals, starch and oil. For water-soluble extractive value, the result was 13.25%w/w, methanol-soluble extractive value 4.25%w/w, ethanol-soluble extractive value 4%w/w, moisture content 10.5%w/w, total ash value was 5%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value 1%w/w, water-soluble ash value 2%w/w and sulfated- ash value 6% w/w. Conclusion: The results obtained from the pharmacognostic study provides information for the identity, quality and purity of Gnetum africanum.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pharmacognostic Characteristics of the Leaf of Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Compositae

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
G. O. Alade ◽  
A. Frank ◽  
G. S. Uwakwe ◽  
O. O. Awotona ◽  
K. K. Ajibesin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Palisade Cells

Background: It is a well-known fact that therapeutic efficacy and safety of medicinal plants depend on the quality and quantity of chemical constituents and that the misuse of medicinal plants starts with wrong identification.Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish some pharmacognostic standards for Ageratum houstonianum Mill (Compositae) which has high medicinal values, with a view to determining the proper identification and other quality control parameters of the plant.Method: The fresh leaf and powdered leaves were subjected to macroscopy and microscopy using standard procedures. In addition, some physicochemical evaluations such as moisture content, ash and soluble extractives were carried out on the powdered leaves.Results: The result shows that the leaf is simple, pinnate, diamond shaped, serrated margin, acute apex and asymetrical base. Microscopically, the leaf is amphistomatic in nature with anomocytic and anisocytic stomata at the adaxial and anomocytic and diacytic at the abaxial surface. Non-glandular uniseriate trichomes are present on both surfaces. The transverse section across the midrib shows epidermis, collenchyma, palisade cells and a few rolls of phloem around the xylem vessels. The stomata numbers and stomata indices for the upper and lower surface, respectively are1.4 and 10.2 and 2.9 and 15.6. Moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, water soluble and alcohol soluble extractives yields 10.3%, 15.2%, 0.8%, 20.2%, 14.4% and 5.1%, respectively.Conclusion: The findings in this study are useful for establishing standards suitable for official monographs on Ageratum houstonianum proper identification and quality control. Keywords: Pharmacognostic standards, Ageratum houstonianum, Quality control

scholarly journals Phytopharmacognostic Standardization of the Leaves of Buchholzia coriacea Engler. (Capparidaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Uwemedimo F. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Anwanabasi E. Udoh ◽  
Victor U. Anah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Product ◽  
Glass Container ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Powdered Sample ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Tapped Density

Buchholzia coriacea Engl. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Capparidaceae. It has antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antidiabetic and antihypercholesterol activities.  The aim of this study was to employ the quality control parameters in the evaluation of the leaf of B. coriacea. The plant leaves were collected, air dried, pulverized and stored in a clean glass container. Standard procedures were carried out to obtain the microscopic features of the fresh and powdered samples, micromeritic, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence properties, soluble extractive values, moisture contents and ash values.  The results of the microscopic study using fresh and powdered leaf samples revealed the presence of anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface (hypostomatic) with mean length of 31.8 ± 0.6 cm. The cell shape was polygonal and straight anticlinal cell wall pattern. Results of the micromeritic properties of the powdered sample showed bulk volume of 31.00± 0.70cm, tapped volume of 25.1± 0.20 cm, bulk density of 0.32 ± 0.01g/m, tapped density of 0.39± 0.01g/ml, flow rate of 2.2 ± 0.08g/s, angle of repose of 26.1 ± 1.3 degrees, Carr’s index of 18.9± 1.35 %, Hausner’s ratio of 1.23 ± 0.02, pH of 8.0 when cold and 8.2 when hot for the powdered sample liquid extract. The results of the chemomicroscopic study revealed the presence of lignin, mucilage, calcium oxalate crystals, oil, calcium carbonate, but starch was absent. Results for the ethanol-soluble extractive value was 7 ± 0.00%    , water-soluble extractive value was 14 ± 0.00%   and methanol-soluble extractive value was 3 ± 0.00%  for the powdered samples. Results for the moisture content was 10.3 ± 0.00% , total ash values was 6.3± 0.00% , acid-insoluble ash value was 1 ± 0.00% , water-soluble ash value was 3±0.00%  and sulfated ash values was 7.5 ± 0.00% . In conclusion, the above evaluation methods and parameters there in could be used to identify and authenticate both the fresh and powdered crude drug product of Buchholzia coriacea.

scholarly journals Development of Quality Control Parameters for Standardization of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. Roots

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Sharma ◽  
Sumitra Singh ◽  
Shailendra Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Characteristic Features

Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (Family: Cyperaceae) is perennial and delicate slender sedge found wildly in damp or marshy areas. The present study was undertaken for the development of quality control parameters of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. roots. The study includes determination of various standardization parameters like morphological characters, microscopic studies, histochemical detection and physicochemical evaluation of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. roots. The morphological studies exhibited the organoleptic and surface characteristics of the roots. The microscopic study showed the presence of various characteristic features of roots like cortex, lignified endodermis, pericycle, scalariform xylem vessels, tracheids and phloem. Physicochemical constants such as moisture content, ash values, extractive values, swelling index and foaming index were established. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of root extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. These pharmacognostic features established in this study would helpful for the establishment of pharmacopoeial standards to facilitate quality control and correct identification of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. roots, also to minimize adulteration and substitution.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES ON FLOWERS OF DREGEA VOLUBILIS: EVALUATION FOR AUTHENTICATION AND STANDARDIZATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
BHASKAR DAS ◽  
ARNAB DE ◽  
PIU DAS ◽  
AMALESH NANDA ◽  
AMALESH SAMANTA
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chromatographic Study ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Phytochemical Studies ◽  
Detailed Work

Objective: The various parts of Dregea volubilis (Family: Apocynaceae), locally known as Jukti (Bengali), are commonly used in Indian system of medicine to treat various ailments such as inflammation, piles, leukoderma, asthma, and tumors. Literature review suggested that there has been no detailed work on systemic pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies done on the flowers of the plant. The present study is aimed to lay down quality control parameters for D. volubilis flowers to confirm its identity, quality, and purity. Methods: The present work was designed to study detailed organoleptic, histological, quantitative standards, physicochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic characteristics of the flowers of D. volubilis. Results: The total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, loss on drying, water, and alcohol soluble extractive values were found to be 11.767±0.130% (w/w), 1.287±0.106% (w/w), 9.140±0.344% (w/w), 14.110±0.061% (w/w), 21.600±0.133% (w/v), and 9.603±0.104% (w/v), respectively. Phytochemical screening of different extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics. The chromatographic study revealed the presence of rhamnose (103.229±4.994 μg/g), fructose (738.670±25.714 μg/g), glucose (285.532±24.465 μg/g), and maltose (49.082±5.206 μg/g). Conclusion: The characterization parameters of the present study may serve as a reference standard for proper authentication, identification and for distinguishing the plant from its adulterants.

scholarly journals Ethnobotany and Pharmacognostical Studies of Jasminum sambac Linn.

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gowdhami ◽  
A.K. Rajalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Section ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Medicinal Purpose ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Jasminum Sambac ◽  
Crude Fibre Content ◽  
Stomatal Number ◽  
Material Powder

In the present study of Jasminum sambac ethnobotanical and pharmacognostical activity of Jasminum sambac leaf .These species of highly medicinal purposeflowers, leaves act as lactifuge, arrest the secretion of milk in the puerperal state in case of threatened abscess pharmacognostical study of leaf parts of Jasminum sambac has been undertaken, hence it is establish. Pharmacognostical and quality control parameters of leaf, of Jasminum sambac was carried out. Various microscopic characters viz., transverse section of leaf, quantitative parameters (stomatal number, stomatal index, and vein-islet and termination number) were determined for the identification of plant material. Powder microscopic studies, were also performed. Physicochemical parameters such as total Ash(13.5%), water soluble ash (6.7%) and acid-insoluble ash (8.2 %)Alcohol soluble extractive(30%) Water soluble extractive(11.8%)Moisture content(6.19%)Crude fibre content(15.1%)Swelling index (1)and Foaming index (Lessthan 100).

An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
M. A. Webb ◽  
L. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystal Cells ◽  
Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

Quality Control Parameters of Mandukarni Syrup - A classical memory enhancing dosage form

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Almas Tarannum ◽  
Prathviraj Puranik ◽  
Suma V. Mallya
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Standard Protocol ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Ayurveda is the healing medicine. Dosha, Dhatu, Mala and Agni play important role in maintaining health of a person, but without equilibrium of Atma, Indriya and Manas they are helpless. Manas is one entity which is the controller of health. There are several herbs which have direct impact on Manas, among them Mandukaparni is one. Swarasa of Mandukaparni is highly effective, but it is not easily available for children. This study is intended to make Syrup form of Mandukaparni and evaluate its pharmacognostical parameters. According to the methodology refractive index, total solids, specific gravity, reducing and non Reducing sugar and HPTLC parameters were assessed. The results were found to be genuine fulfilling the standard protocol. This study is under taken to evaluate the pharmacognostic properties of Mandukaparni syrup.

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