A Cross Sectional Study on Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Lung function Parameters

Chronic hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2 DM) is associated with ongoing damage, dysfunction, and failure of many organs, particularly the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, lungs, blood vessels and the diabetic patients may have considerable reductions in lung functioning. Diabetes Mellitus, Peak Expiratory Flow, and Fasting Blood Sugar are some of the terms used in this study. One hundred T2 DM patients, ranging in age from 30-70 years old and of either gender, were submitted to spirometry, vital parameters were recorded, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were evaluated, and healthy controls were a matched. Diabetics forced vital capacity (FVC) ranged from 1.51 to 4 (Liters) with a mean of 2.4 ±0.6SD, whereas controls' FVC ranged from 2.2 to 4.74 with a mean of 3.14 ±0.7SD and a significant P value. (P<0.001) diabetics peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) ranged from 188 to 459 (liters per minute) with a mean of 288 ±70SD, whereas controls PEFR ranged from 243 to 571 with a mean of 373±74 and a significant P-value. When compared to male diabetics, the PEFR in female diabetics was 239 ±38SD with a significant P-value. Spirometric parameters in male diabetics were found to be insignificant when compared to healthy controls (P <0.001). In both sexes, HbA1c and FBS were shown to be extremely significant when compared to controls. Variable PEFR in healthy controls and in the lung function was found to be impaired in female diabetics, but male diabetics had a normal PEFR.

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Evaluation of the alterations in the serum blood sugar level, the activity of AST and ALT enzymes of diabetes mellitus type 2 in Iraqi women patients

Research Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.25303/168rjbt9821 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 98-102

Author(s):

Hashim Abdul Razzaq Iman ◽

Hussein Murtadha Jinan

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽

Correlation Factor ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽

Fasting Blood Sugar ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Cell Dysfunction ◽

Iraqi Women

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) results from beta cell dysfunction or reduced action of insulin responsive. The objective of this study was to examine the relevance between blood sugar, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in fasting women diabetic patients in different durations. A total of sixty-eight women were divided into three groups: first a healthy group – non-diabetic (twenty-six women), second and third groups (twenty-one) were diabetic patients of age 35 – 50 and 51 – 69 years respectively. Serum fasting blood sugar was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated to 181.60 mg/dl in female patients with 35 – 50 years. The same effect happened in activity of AST to 32.91 u/L in 51 – 69 years and ALT was 28.43 u/L in 35 – 50 years. No significant differences were found between the aged and fasting blood sugar, AST and ALT in diabetic patients. The correlation factor (r) between fasting blood sugar and the activity of ALT was highly significant.

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A Study on Serum Electrolyte Imbalance in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Hospital-Based Study

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2020/583 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (48) ◽

pp. 2847-2851

Author(s):

Sreenivasulu Uppara ◽

Bhagyamma Sollapurappa Narayanaswamy ◽

Rama Kishore Akula Venkata ◽

Thanuja Ramanna ◽

Shyam Prasad B.R

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Serum Sodium ◽

P Value ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Serum Chloride ◽

The Mean ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

BACKGROUND The multi-organ disorder, diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to be one of the commonest and challenging health-related problems in the 20th century, prevalent in about 9.3 % of the world's population in 2019 and likely to affect 10.2 % by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic disorders of multiple aetiology, characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia due to derangement in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Electrolytes are crucial in maintaining various metabolic functions and play a pivotal role in maintaining a healthy state's body. Diabetic patients are more prone to and frequently develop a constellation of electrolyte disorders due to hyperglycaemia, polydipsia and polyuria. METHODS Our study comprised a total of 70 subjects in the age group of 35 - 60 years with age and sex-matched controls. They were grouped into two groups; the first group, group-1 (healthy controls) and the second group was group-2 (patients of diabetes mellitus on oral hypoglycaemic agents with poor control). 5 ml of fasting venous blood was collected in a plain vacutainer tube in the morning after a zerocalorie overnight 08 hours fast. Post collection, the blood sample was used as serum or plasma or whole blood to estimate plasma glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum chloride by kit methods using an auto analyser. RESULTS Among the various parameters tested, the mean value of fasting plasma glucose, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum potassium, serum chloride were higher in group-2 (diabetic patients) compared to group-1 (healthy controls) with a p-value of < 0.0001. The value of the mean of serum sodium was lower in group-2 (diabetes mellitus) compared to group-1 (healthy controls) with a p-value of < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that electrolyte abnormalities are present in diabetic patients and maybe a root cause for associated morbidity or mortality. These disturbances are generally seen in decompensated Diabetes Mellitus patients, elderly individuals and in the presence of renal impairment. KEYWORDS Diabetes Mellitus, Serum Electrolytes, Fasting Blood Glucose

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Study of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetes mellitus

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182820 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 2375

Author(s):

Vinay Kumar A. ◽

Raj Kumar K. ◽

Nithin Kumar Reddy R.

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Clinical Profile ◽

Fasting Blood Sugar ◽

Bilateral Lesion ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Background: To study the clinical profile of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic patients and to study the radiographic patterns of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic patients.Methods: The study was undertaken on 100 patients with diabetes mellitus and pulmonary tuberculosis of both sexes admitted to Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Bommakal, Karimnagar.Results: The fasting blood sugar value showed a definite co-relation with pulmonary tuberculosis. 41% of the patients had fasting blood sugar value between 201 to 300mg/dl and 30% had value between 151-200mg/dl and 23% of the patients had value above 300mg/dl. Mean fasting blood sugar value was 234.4mg/dl. Right sided lung lesions were noted in 37% of the cases and left sided lesions in 33% of the cases. Upper lobe lesions were noted in 68% of the cases and bilateral lesion in 30% of the study group.Conclusions: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus patients are more prone to develop pulmonary tuberculosis compared to non diabetics. Sputum examination tends to be positive in diabetics compared to non diabetics.

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Thyroid Hormonal Status in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjnm.v20i1.36851 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Mohammad Shameem Al Mamun ◽

Nurun Nahar ◽

Mohammad Simoon Salekin ◽

Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Fasting Blood Sugar ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Hormonal Status ◽

Thyroid Disorder ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus and thyroid dysfunction are the two most common endocrinopathies seen in general population. The study was done to determine whether there is any co-occurence of thyroid hormonal status alternating in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.Patients and Methods: This Cross-sectional study which was carried out at National Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences and outpatient Department (OPD) of Endocrinology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka during the period January 2015 to July 2016. A total of 98 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients (Group I) and 98 healthy individuals (Group II) were enrolled in this study purposively. After taking written consent, history of the study subjects was taken and clinical checkup was done. Age of the subjects of both the group were 30 years and above. Glycemic status of both the group was assessed by measuring fasting blood sugar, blood sugar two hours after 75 gm oral glucose and blood for HbA1C. Patients with type 1 and other form of diabetes mellitus and any condition that may impair glycemic control were excluded from the study. Thyroid hormonal status of both the group was evaluated by measuring patients’ serum TSH by Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA) and serum FT3 and serum FT4 by Radioimmunoassay (RIA) method in NINMAS. All the data were digitized and analyzed using SPSS – 22.0 software.Results: In this study, mean age of the patients was 46.0 ± 9.7 years and 45.5 ± 7.7 years in group I and group II respectively. Male female ratio was 1:1.45 in group I and 1:1.08 in group II. Fasting blood sugar, blood sugar two hours after 75 gm oral glucose and HbA1c were significantly higher in group I than that of group II. Mean TSH, FT3 and FT4 were 2.37 ± 3.86 mIU/L, 6.35 ± 2.41 pmol/L and 15.79 ± 5.41 pmol/L respectively in group I whereas 2.28 ± 2.67 mIU/L, 6.59 ± 1.83 pmol/L and 16.25 ± 3.46 pmol/L respectively in group II. But there was no statistical significant difference between group I and group II. In group I, sixteen patients had thyroid disorder (seven had hyperthyroidism and nine had hypothyroidism). In group II, five patients had thyroid disorder (two had hyperthyroidism and three had hypothyroidism). The difference was statistically significant. Fasting blood sugar positively correlated with TSH, FT3 and FT4 in group I, similarly HbA1c correlated with TSH and FT4 but not with FT3 in group I.Conclusion: Thyroid disorder was 16.3% in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and 5.1% in normal individuals.Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 20(1): 27-31, January 2017

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Comparative assessment of psoriasis area and severity index and fasting blood sugar levels in psoriatic patients with diabetes mellitus

International Journal of Research in Dermatology ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20194659 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 732

Author(s):

Devendra Parmar ◽

Dhairya Salvi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Steroid Therapy ◽

Topical Steroid ◽

Fasting Blood Sugar ◽

Joint Involvement ◽

P Value ◽

Topical Steroid Therapy ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Sugar Levels

Background: Present study was done with objectives to study the co-relation between PASI and Fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels in psoriatic patients with diabetes mellitus and to study the association between duration of topical steroid therapy and Fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels.Methods: Present study was conducted in the 26 patients at the Department of Dermatology at a tertiary care centre in Bhuj, Gujarat. A detailed history on the type of psoriasis, duration, associated co-morbid conditions and details of topical steroid therapy was obtained from all patients. They were examined in detail and assigned a PASI score to assess the severity of psoriasis. Patients with nail involvement were scored using N NAIL tool. Fasting blood sugar levels were noted in patients with Diabetes.Results: Age of patients ranged from 15 years to 72 years. The different types of psoriasis observed were palmoplantar psoriasis-14 (50%), and chronic plaque psoriasis - 11. The joint was involved in 7 patients while 19 did not have joint involvement. The Pearson co-relation coefficient between PASI and FBS was 0.60 and p value was 0.001. The Pearson co-relation coefficient between duration of topical steroid therapy and FBS was 0.15, and p value was 0.50.Conclusions: A statistically significant positive correlation between PASI and FBS was noted in this study. The duration of topical steroid therapy was not associated with significant changes in FBS in psoriatic patients with diabetes mellitus.

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Effect of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and Duration of Disease on Lung Functions in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136970 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6970

Author(s):

Hawra Bin Maan ◽

Sultan Ayoub Meo ◽

Fawziah Al Rouq ◽

Imran Muhammad Umar Meo ◽

Milagros E. Gacuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Lung Function ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Function Impairment ◽

High Hba1c ◽

Forced Expiratory Flow ◽

Duration Of Disease ◽

Expiratory Flow

Diabetes mellitus is a highly challenging global health care problem. This study aimed to assess the effect of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and duration of diabetes on lung function in type 2 diabetic patients and assess whether duration or high HbA1c is more noxious to damage the lung functions. A total of 202 participants, 101 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 101 age-, gender-, height-, and weight-matched controlled subjects were recruited. The HbA1c was measured through a clover analyzer, and lung function test parameters were recorded by spirometry. The results revealed a significant inverse correlation between HbA1c and Vital Capacity (VC) (r = −0.221, p = 0.026), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (r = −0.261, p = 0.008), Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second (FEV1) (r = −0.272, p = 0.006), Forced Expiratory Flow 25% (FEF-25%) (r = −0.196, p = 0.050), Forced Expiratory Flow 50% (FEF-50%) (r = −0.223, p = 0.025), and Forced Expiratory Flow 75% (FEF-75%) (r = −0.169, p = 0.016). Moreover, FEV1 (p = 0.029), FEV1/FVC% (p = 0.006), FEF-50% (p = 0.001), and FEF-75% (p = 0.003) were significantly lower in the diabetic group with duration of disease 5–10 and >10 years compared to the control group. The overall results concluded that high HbA1c or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a more damaging effect on lung function impairment compared to the duration of diabetes mellitus. Physicians must regularly monitor the HbA1c level while treating diabetic patients, as good glycemic control is essential to minimize the complications of DM, including lung function impairment in patients with T2DM.

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SITAGLIPTIN;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.11.675 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (11) ◽

pp. 1755-1760

Author(s):

Zaheer Ahmed ◽

Hassan Fareed ◽

Muhammad Usman Musharraf

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

T Test ◽

P Value ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

The objective of this stidy is to compare the mean reduction of HbA1c in patientstaking sitagliptin insulin combination with insulin alone in patients of type II Diabetes mellitus.Study Design: Randomized control trial (RCT). Setting: Medicine Department, Allied Hospital,Faisalabad. Period: August 2013 to February 2014. Methodology: Patients of both genderswith ages between 18 and 60 years having uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus with HbA1ctaking insulin were included in the study while Pregnant or lactating mothers, patients withchronic liver disease and patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine >3.0mg/dl) were excludedfrom study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (A &B) using computer generatedrandom number table. Group A was given Sitagliptin 50mg per day and dose was increasedto 100mg per day after 2 weeks if fasting blood sugar was more than 110mg/dl or 2 hourspostprandial blood sugar more than 140mg/dl. Dose of insulin in group A remained same asbefore start of study. Group B was kept on same regimen of insulin they were already taking anddose remained same. HbA1c was done at start of study and after 24 weeks. Primary outcomemeasure was mean reduction in HbA1c levels at 24 weeks from baseline. Results: 60 patientswere included in the study. Mean age was 52.7+8.43 years. 36(60%) were male and 24(40%)were female. Mean HbA1c at baseline was 8.361+0.523% in Group A on Sitagliptin-insulincombination and 8.187+0.432% in group B on insulin alone. Mean HbA1c at 24 weeks was7.767+0.428% in group A on Sitagliptin-insulin combination and 7.69+0.407% in group B oninsulin alone.Independent sample t-test was applied to change in HbA1c in Group A and Bduring 24 weeks of treatment. Mean change in HbA1c after 24 weeks in Group A was 0.600+ 0.315 and 0.49+ 0.19 in Group B after 24 weeks treatment (p-value 0.002) which is highlysignificant. Paired sample t-test was applied to HbA1c at baseline and 24 weeks of treatmentin group A and group B. There was a significant change in both groups after 24 weeks oftreatment in both groups (p-value <0 .000) which is highly significant. Chi Square test wasapplied on efficacy in group A and B. 22(73.33%) patients in group A and 14(46.67%) patientsin group B which achieved significant reduction in HbA1c. 8(26.67%) patients in group A and16(53.33%) patients in group B failed to achieve significant reduction in HbA1c. (P-value <0.032). Conclusion: It has been concluded from this study that insulin and sitagliptin-insulincombination both significantly reduce HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However addition ofsitagliptin to uncontrolled diabetic patients already taking insulin, is more effective than insulinfor glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Pengaruh Senam Diabetes Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Gula Darah Pasien Diabetes Mellitus di Puskesmas Bah Kapul Pematangsiantar Tahun 2019

GLOBAL HEALTH SCIENCE (GHS) ◽

10.33846/ghs5317 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 185

Author(s):

Romauli Pakpahan ◽

Marlon Sijabat

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Blood Sugar Level ◽

T Test ◽

P Value ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Population Sampling ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Sugar Levels

This study aims to determine the effect of diabetes gymnastics on the decrease in blood sugar levels of diabetic patients at the puskesmas Bah Kapul Pematangsiantar. This research was conducted in Juni - Agustus 2017, the design of this study was comparative. The sample size in this study were 21 respondents obtained by total population sampling. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews and direct capillary blood sampling of respondents to then measured blood sugar levels by using glucose meter. Data analysis was done gradually including descriptive and paired samples t-test. The results of this study showed that before doing gymnastics in the first week of the average blood sugar levels of respondents was 272.4 mg / dl and after doing gymnastics in the fourth week of the average blood sugar levels of respondents was 257.04 mg / dl, blood sugar of 15.36 mg / dl. Result of paired samples t-test significantly decrease blood sugar level at respondent with p value of 0,041. This means that there is influence of diabetes gymnastics to the decrease of blood sugar level of diabetic patient. It is expected for health service to be a motivator and provide intensive counseling for people with diabetes mellitus to do gymnastic gymnastics routine to lower blood sugar level and prevent complication of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: gymnastics diabetes; blood sugar

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HUBUNGAN USIA, JENIS KELAMIN DAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH DENGAN KADAR GULA DARAH PUASA PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DI KLINIK PRATAMA RAWAT JALAN PROKLAMASI, DEPOK, JAWA BARAT

Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada ◽

10.34035/jk.v11i1.412 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 41-50

Author(s):

K Komariah ◽

Sri Rahayu

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fasting Blood Sugar ◽

World Health ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sugar Levels ◽

Diabetes Melitus

Diabetes melitus biasa disebut “the silent killer” karena penyakit ini dapat menimbulkan dampak pada semua organ tubuh dan berbagai macam keluhan. Data World Health Organization (WHO) memprediksi kenaikan jumlah pasien diabetes melitus di Indonesia dari 8,43 juta jiwa pada tahun 2000 menjadi 21,257 juta jiwa pada tahun 2030. Peningkatan kejadian kasus diabetes melitus dipengaruhi berbagai faktor seperti perubahan pola gaya hidup, perubahan usia, dan kultur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan usia, jenis kelamin dan indeks massa tubuh dengan kadar gula darah puasa pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross-sectional study. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Klinik Pratama Rawat Jalan Proklamasi, Depok, Jawa Barat dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 134 responden. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Analisa data menggunakan uji Chi Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yang berhubungan dengan kadar gula darah puasa adalah usia (p-value=0,004). Pada variabel yang tidak memiliki hubungan dengan kadar gula darah puasa adalah jenis kelamin (p-value=0,331), dan dan indeks massa tubuh (p-value=0,502). Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa usia perlu diperhatikan dalam melakukan perawatan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Diabetes mellitus is commonly called “the silent killer” because this disease can have an impact on all organs of the body and various complaints. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts an increase in the number of diabetes mellitus patients in Indonesia from 8.43 million in 2000 to 21.257 million in 2030. Increased incidence of diabetes mellitus cases is influenced by various factors such as changes in lifestyle patterns, age changes, and culture. This study aimed to determine the relationship of age, sex and body mass index with fasting blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The method of this study used a cross-sectional study design. This research was conducted at the Klinik Pratama Rawat Jalan Proklamasi, Depok, West Java with a total sample of 134 respondents. Sampling in this study used a purposive sampling method. Data analysis using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that age-related blood fasting blood sugar levels (p-value=0,004). The variables that have no relationship with fasting blood sugar levels are gender (p-value=0,331) and body mass index (p-value=0,502). It can be concluded that age has to be considered in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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ESTIMATION OF SERUM FERRITIN LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS AND ITS RELATION WITH HbA1C LEVEL.

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i8.456 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Shah Namrata Vinubhai ◽

Pardeep Agarwal ◽

Bushra Fiza ◽

Ramkishan Jat

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Inflammatory Marker ◽

Control Group ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Positive Correlation

Background: Serum ferritin is known as an index for body iron stores also as an inflammatory marker and it is influenced by several disease. We were looking for a correlation between HbA1c and S. Ferritin in type 2 DM. Methodology: The present study a total of 150 participants were enrolled of which 100 were confirmed cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and rest 50 age and sex matched healthy subjects constituted the control group. All were screened for HbA1c, Fasting blood sugar, Post prandial blood sugar and S.Ferritin. Results: A highly significant variation and positive correlation was observed with respect to S.Ferritin and HbA1c levels. Mean S.Ferritin was high in the subgroup with poor glycemic control. Conclusion: The fasting, post prandial sugar levels, HbA1c and S.Ferritin were significantly higher in the diabetic subjects. This study shows a positive correlation between HbA1c and S. Ferritin levels. So we can conclude that in diabetic patients S. Ferritin may serve as an independent marker of poor glycemic and metabolic control. Keywords: Serum ferritin, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c.

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