scholarly journals Axial and Radial Variation of Fibre Characteristics of Bambusa vulgaris

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
A. F. Aderounmu ◽  
E. A. Adelusi
Keyword(s):  
Radial Direction ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Bambusa Vulgaris ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Anatomy Laboratory ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

This study was carried out to investigate the axial and radial variations of fibre characteristics of Bambusa vulgaris. There were eighteen treatments for both axial and radial variations. The treatments were replicated three (3) times, in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The experiment was carried out at the Wood Anatomy Laboratory of the Department of Forest Product Development and Utilization, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. Three samples (3) stands of B. vulgaris were randomly selected. Samples collected were cut into 10cm discs at 25%, 50% and 75% of the total height (axial positioning). The samples discs were partitioned into two zones which are core and peripheral (bark) layers. From each of the disc, 3 slivers were obtained both from radial and axial positions. Slivers obtained were macerated with an equal volume (1:1) of 10% glacial Acetic acid and 30% Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) at 100 ±2°C. The resulting image on light microscope screen was measured for fibre length, fibre diameter and lumen width. At 50% sampling height and at outer layer, the highest fibre length of 3.25 mm, followed by 3.06 mm of bamboo sample stand 3 while the least 2.28 mm was recorded in sample stands 2 of 75% axial positioning and at peripheral layer. The lumen width ranged between 3.52 × 10-3 μm to 4.46 × 10-3 μm in the radial direction from the core to the peripheral (bark) of the bamboo. The result obtained for mean values of fiber diameter along the bamboo height ranged from 3.53 × 10-3 µm to 4.46 × 10-3 µm across the three (3) bamboo stands, sampling height and radial direction sampling respectively. Among the fibre positioning, the fibre collected from 50% of the sampling height have higher fibre diameter, lumen width and fibre diameter at the peripheral region compare to the others.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPONDIA MOMBIN L. (ANACARDIACEAE) FOR PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
E. T. Tembe ◽  
David Oriabure Ekhuemelo ◽  
B. T. Aondoaver
Keyword(s):  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

The fibre characteristics of five Spondia mombin stands were studied to determine their suitability for pulp and paper production. Wood slivers obtained parallel to grain at three (3) different positions along the bole were macerated in combined identical amounts of glacial acetic acid plus hydrogen peroxide under heat at between 80-100o C. Macerated fibres were washed clean of mixture and mounted on slide for microscopic examination of fibre characteristics. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed for the experiment. Data were analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while, the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to separate means of significant differences among the treatments. Results show that significant differences existed in fibre characteristic of sampled trees, however the fibre length ranged from 0.98-1.0 mm, fibre diameter (18.22-21.47 um), lumen width (10.90-12.98 um) and cell wall thickness (3.86-4.60 um). Significant differences were also observed among the derived fibre characteristics, the Runkel ratio ranged from 0.66-8.89, elasticity coefficient (57.22-60.50 %), coefficient of rigidity (19.78-22.24 %), slenderness ratio (43.27-46.5). This implied that, the fibres of S. mombin were short and elastic which make the wood species an appropriate raw material for pulp and paper making especially when blended with other long fibre species.

MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HURA CREPITANS L. (EUPHORBIACEAE) AS PROSPECTIVE RESOURCE FOR PULP AND PAPERMAKING

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
E. T. Tembe ◽  
David Oriabure Ekhuemelo ◽  
R. Astuwe
Keyword(s):  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Short Fibres ◽  
Hura Crepitans ◽  
Rigidity Coefficient ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

Hura crepitans L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a tropic tree species that was investigated for pulp and paper characteristics in this study. The diameters of five (5) different stands of Hura crepitans trees were first determined using diameter tape. Wood slivers were obtained from sapwood of the trees parallel to grain and at three (3) different positions along the axis, at the base (5%), middle (50%) and top (90%). The wood slivers were macerated in a mixture of equal volumes of glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide at between 80 -100 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. Macerated fibres were washed and used to prepare microscopic slides where 15 fibres were measured per slide. Data recorded was subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results show that both the primary fibre characteristics and derived characteristics were significantly different at p<0.05? The mean fibre characteristics ranged as follows, Fibre lengths (0.87-1.16 mm), Fibre diameter (18.84 - 24.44 µm), Lumen width (9.92-16.89 µm) and Cell wall thickness (3.93-4.60 µm). The derived mean fibre characteristics ranged as follows; Runkel ratio (0.36-0.78), Elasticity coefficient (44.20-67.91%), Rigidity coefficient (15.98-27.82 %) and Slenderness ratio (0.44-0.80). This result implies that Hura crepitans has short fibres with high flexibility, which can collapse easily and form a fully bonded paper and is therefore recommended for pulp and paper production

scholarly journals Fiber dimension of Makurdi grown Musa balbisiana Colla parts and their suitability in paper production

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
David Oriabure Ekhuemelo ◽  
◽  
Vivian Ojoma Aidoko ◽  
Veronica Eyakamo Abu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Musa Balbisiana ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fibre Morphology

This study evaluated the fibre morphology of Musa balbisiana leaf, stalk and stem portions for pulp and paper production. Samples of Musa balbisiana portions were prepared and macerated in equal volume of glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in ratio 1:1. Twenty cellulose fibres from each portion were randomly selected using Reichert visopan microscope to determine the physical fibre morphology while the derived fibre indices were calculated. Data collected were subjected to one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Follow up tests carried out using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that means of fibre length, fibre diameter, cell wall thickness and lumen width ranged between 1.35 and 2.46 mm, 16.46 and 33.34 µm, 7.58 and 24.99 µm, and 3.54 and 3.56 µm, respectively. The mean values of fibre length of Musa balbisiana leaf and stalk were not significant but were significantly different from the mean values of the stem at p<0.05. The mean values of felting rate, elasticity coefficient, rigidity coefficient, Runkel ratio and F factor ranged from 84.47 to 142.43, 48.94 to 76.07%, 11.96 to 25.53%, 0.34 to 1.12 and 433.50 to 627.22, respectively. The leaf stalk of Musa balbisiana had the best Runkel ratio of 0.34 while Musa balbisiana stem had the best fibre length of 2.46 mm. Results further showed that while fibre length of stalk and stem portions of Musa balbisiana were long fibres, the leaf portion was short fibre. Runkel ratios of Musa balbisiana stalk, Leaf and stem were very good, good and poor, respectively while the Leaf, stalk and stem were elastic, high elastic and rigid fibre, respectively. In conclusion, Musa balbisiana has proved to be a very suitable non-wood, agricultural based material for pulp and paper production.

scholarly journals Effect of site conditions on the properties of hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.) wood

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Noorollah Nazari ◽  
Mohsen Bahmani ◽  
Saleh Kahyani ◽  
Miha Humar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Zagros Forests ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Altitude Level

This study investigated the influence of site conditions on the physical and morphological properties of hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.) wood grown in Zagros forests of Iran. Hawthorn is a valuable woody species in Iran’s Zagros forests with data deficiency in its wood properties. To our best knowledge, there is no study on the properties of hawthorn wood. Twenty-seven mature trees were randomly chosen and sampled at three altitude levels (1 800–2 000, 2 000–2 200, and 2 200–2 400 m) in the Bazoft region of Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari, Iran. Dry wood density, volumetric shrinkage, fibre length, fibre diameter, cell wall thickness were then determined. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to evaluate significant differences between the mean values of studied wood properties at different altitude levels and slope classes. Moreover, the relationships between the above-mentioned properties and some site conditions (temperature, precipitation, altitude, and slope) as well as growth parameters of trees (tree height, DBH, age, crown dimensions, volume, etc.) were studied by principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicated that trees growing at the second altitude level had the highest oven-dry density values, and those at the third altitude level had the lowest ones. Results also indicated a significant effect of altitude levels on fibre length, fibre diameter, and cell wall thickness. In contrast, a significant difference was found between the mean values of fibre diameter at different slope classes. PCA indicated that altitude, precipitation, and temperature are the most important environmental site variables affecting the wood characteristics.

scholarly journals Relationship between Leaf and Fibre Characteristics of Agave sisalana

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Ighoyivwi Onakpoma ◽  
Abiodun Oluwafemi Oluwadare ◽  
Nkolika Benedeth Ndulue ◽  
Timothy Adeyinka Amusan
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Leaf Dimensions ◽  
Agave Sisalana ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

With decrease in wood from the forest, non-wood fibres have attracted interest in the production of pulp and paper products in recent times due to their short growth cycles, moderate irrigation and fertilizer requirements as well as their low lignin content. The use of these plants will aid sustainable development in the pulp and paper industry. This study investigated leaf dimensions and fibre characteristics of Agave sisalana and how the leaf dimensions relates to its fibre characteristics. Leaves were collected from three sisal plant stands in Oyo State, Nigeria. The plant whorl was divided systematically into bottom, middle and top from which five leaves were randomly collected from each whorl position. The fibres of the leaves were extracted from which 2cm of fibres were taken from three positions on the leaf (top, middle and base). Extracted fibres were macerated and 3375 fibres were measured. The result shows that Agave sisalana leaves collected at the top had the longest length and was also widest at the base and middle. The average fibre length was 1.69 mm, while the fibre diameter, lumen width and cell wall thickness of Agave sisalana were 16.98 µm, 12.33 µm and 2.32 µm respectively. The slenderness ratio averaged 99.4 while the coefficient of flexibility averaged 72.61. The highest value of the runkel ratio of Agave sisalana was 0.42. There was significant negative correlation between leaf characteristics and fibre characteristics. Young sisal (Agave sisalana) leaves produced the best fibre characteristics suitable for the production of high quality paper.

scholarly journals Anatomical and chemical characterization of Alstonia boonei for pulp and paper production

Les/Wood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kojo Agyapong Afrifah ◽  
Enoch Adjei-Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

Alstonia boonei, an abundant lesser utilized species within the West African Subregion, was evaluated as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. The basic density (BD), fibre characteristics [fibre length (FL), fibre diameter (FD), lumen diameter (LD) and wall thickness (WT)], derived anatomical indices [Flexibility Ratio (FR), Slenderness Ratio (SR), Rigidity Coefficient (RC), Luce’s Shape Factor (LSF), Solids Factor (SF) and Runkel Ratio (RR)] and chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose, 1% NaOH solubility and ash contents) of A. boonei were studied to evaluate variation along the trunk (base, middle and top portions) and ascertain its suitability for pulp and paper production. Significant variations were observed in the density and fibre characteristics along the trunk of the tree. Although the FD was large, the observed adequate FL, thin-wall and large LD implied easy beating of fibres and manufacture of dense, smooth and strong papers. The favourable SF, RR, FR, RC, and LSF values obtained for the fibres would produce papers with suitable burst and tearing strengths and folding endurance. Chemically the lower lignin (< 30%), ash and 1% NaOH solubility and the high holocellulose contents of A. boonei, will generate a higher pulp yield. A. boonei although a low-density species, will be desirable for pulp and paper production.

CONCENTRADO PROTEICO OBTIDO DAS FOLHAS DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) DE TRÊS VARIEDADES COMERCIAIS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Aparecida Soares ◽  
Mauro Sérgio Téo ◽  
Carlise DEBASTIANI ◽  
Suzymeire BARONI ◽  
Vanessa Silva RETUCI
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar diferenças entre rendimento do concentrado proteico e proteína bruta da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtidos a partir de três variedades comerciais: branca, cascuda e vermelha. As manivas foram plantadas seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Nas comparações entre as variedades, considerou coletas escalonadas pós-plantio, realizadas aos 12, 14 e 16 meses. O concentrado proteico foi obtido a partir da farinha das folhas inteiras e submetido ao método de termo - coagulação ácido e a proteína bruta pelo método padrão AOAC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey - 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados não indicaram diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas para rendimento de concentrado proteico. Para a variável porcentagem de proteína bruta a variedade Branca foi a que apresentou maior valor, com média de 46,25%, seguida pela Cascuda e Vermelha, 44,52% e 37,30%, sucessivamente. Conclui-se que outros estudos devem avaliar condições que possam influenciar no teor de proteína foliar, como clima e solo, e, avaliar os níveis de ácido cianídrico de cada variedade, indicando qual das três é a melhor para a extração do concentrado proteico das folhas. Palavras chaves: Manihot esculenta Crantz, variedades comerciais, concentrado proteico, proteína bruta. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the differences between income protein concentrate, crude protein of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtained from three commercial varieties: white, red and cascuda. The cuttings were planted following the completely randomized design with three replications. Comparisons between the varieties considered after planting staggered collections, held on 12, 14 and 16 months. The protein concentrate was obtained from flour of whole sheets and subjected to the term method - acid coagulation and crude protein by AOAC standard method. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test - 5% probability. The results indicated no significant difference between the mean values obtained for protein concentrate income. For the variable percentage of crude protein White variety showed the highest, with an average of 46.25%, followed by cascuda and Red, 44.52% and 37.30%, successively. We conclude that further studies should evaluate conditions that may affect the leaf protein content, such as climate and soil, and evaluate the hydrocyanic acid levels of each variety, indicating which of the three is the best for the extraction of protein concentrate from leaves Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, commercial varieties, protein concentrate, crude protein.

scholarly journals One day-old chicks transport: Assessment of thermal profile in a tropical region

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 663-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aérica C. Nazareno ◽  
Iran J. O. da Silva ◽  
Frederico M. C. Vieira ◽  
Rofson F. S. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Specific Enthalpy ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Thermal Profile ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Data Loggers

The aim of this study was to assess the thermal profile of truck with different levels of box placement during one day-old chicks transport. An experiment was conducted through monitoring of 11 transport loads. A acclimatized truck was used in this research, with maximum capacity of 630 one day-old chicks boxes, totalizing 63,000 animals. The assessment of thermal environment was performed in 5 min intervals, through the following variables: temperature, relative humidity and specific enthalpy. The treatments were registered at two levels of the load (first rack and floor) where 17 data loggers were distributed throughout the truck. The experiment used a completely randomized design and geostatistics was used for spatial dependency and Kriging interpolation. The microclimatic conditions of the truck were not as per recommended values, which confirm a heterogeneous distribution of heat and moisture in environment. Regarding the box positioning, the mean values of thermal variables associated with thermal comfort of one day-old chicks was found in the floor area. The most stressful environment for birds inside the truck was located in front and at the center of the truck.

scholarly journals Production of Bambusa vulgaris seedlings from rhizomes under brackish water irrigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 337-342
Author(s):  
Lourenço M. C. Branco ◽  
Claudivan F. de Lacerda ◽  
Albanise B. Marinho ◽  
Carlos H. C. de Sousa ◽  
Amanda S. F. Calvet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Photosynthesis Rate ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Bambusa Vulgaris ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of irrigation with brackish water on the production of bamboo seedlings (Bambusa vulgaris). The experiment was carried out at the Fazenda Experimental Piroás, in the municipality of Redenção, CE, Brazil (4° 14’ 53” S, 38° 45’ 10” W, and altitude of 230 m), in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six repetitions. The treatments consisted of five irrigation water electrical conductivity (ECw): 0.5 (control); 1.5; 2.5; 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1. At 120 days after the beginning of the application of the treatments the leaf gas exchange, relative chlorophyll index (RCI), plant height (H), shoot dry matter (SDM), H/SDM ratio, and the concentrations of Na+ and K+ in stems and leaves were evaluated. Salt tolerance indexes were calculated based on SDM, H, photosynthesis rate and RCI. The increase in the ECw reduced leaf gas exchange, and the reduction in the photosynthesis rate was caused by stomatal and non-stomatal effects. The salinity affected negatively the growth and quality of bamboo seedlings, with the greatest effects being with ECw equal to or greater than 2.5 dS m-1. Bamboo seedlings present Na+ retention in the stems and low Na+/K+ ratio in the leaves. Bamboo seedlings are tolerant to salinity up to 1.5 dS m-1, indicating that waters with this salinity can be used for seedling production of this species, without loss of growth and quality.

The effect of nutrition on fibre characteristics and production in the alpaca

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 101-101
Author(s):  
A.J.F. Russel ◽  
H. Redden ◽  
J.W. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Fibre Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
Cashmere Goat ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

In single-coated animal species selected for fibre production, such as sheep and Angora goats, nutrition is known to have a positive effect on fibre length and diameter, and hence on the weight of fibre produced, while in double-coated species, such as the cashmere goat, the fibre characteristics of the undercoat appear relatively insensitive to nutritional influence. Recent studies on the relationship between nutrition and fibre production in the llama, a double-coated species, indicate that it conforms to the above generalisation in that the growth rate and diameter of its fibre are not amenable to nutritional manipulation (Russel and Redden, 1994). There is a lack of information on the effects of nutrition on fibre characteristics and production in the other domesticated species of South American camelid, the single-coated alpaca. The experiment reported here was designed to provide such information.

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