scholarly journals SAND TRANSPORT BY WIND ON A WET SAND SURFACE

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shintaro Hotta ◽  
Susuma Kubota ◽  
Sadakazu Katori ◽  
Kiyoshi Horikawa

Using those results which were judged to be reasonable among various experiments, an equation predicting the threshold shear velocity on a wet sand surface was obtained. Then, based on a literature survey, results from fundamental experiments, and information obtained from a series of field observation carried out by the authors, a hypothesis to explain the blown sand phenomena on a wet sand surface was developed. Experiments with a well-sorted sand having a median diameter of 0.3 mm showed that the prediction was valid if the water content of the sand layer was less than 8 %.

Author(s):  
Cengiz Kahraman ◽  
İbrahim Yazıcı ◽  
Ali Karaşan

Digital marketing is the integrated processes of building and maintaining customer relationships using online channels to establish the exchange and flow of products, and services in the market. It is the marketing that bridges electronic technology with psychology in the marketplace. Fuzzy sets can handle the uncertainty and human-manner linguistic evaluations in digital marketing. The objective of this chapter is to summarize and classify the literature on digital marketing, which uses the fuzzy multicriteria decision making methods (MCDM), and predict the future directions for digital marketing. Our chapter will include the main definitions and principles of digital marketing with its challenges. We also give a brief definition of the fuzzy MCDM used methods in the literature. We use graphical illustrations techniques for summarizing the survey results.


2008 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 671-675
Author(s):  
Takaaki UDA ◽  
Makoto NISHITANI ◽  
Norikazu OHASHI ◽  
Toshiro SAN-NAMI ◽  
Toshinori ISHIKAWA

Geophysics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Drufuca ◽  
Alfredo Mazzotti

We examine the reflections from a thick sand layer embedded in shales deposited in an open marine environment of Miocene age. Borehole data indicate that the sand bed is gas saturated. Making the assumptions of single interface reflections, plane‐wave propagation in elastic and isotropic media, and correct amplitude recovery of the actual seismic data, we try to invert the amplitude variation with offset (AVO) response for the compressional velocity [Formula: see text], shear velocity [Formula: see text], and density [Formula: see text] of the gas‐sand layer, knowing the parameters of the upper layer and the calibration constant. The actual reflections reach incidence angles up to 54 degrees at the farthest offset. Notwithstanding the large range of incidence angles, the outcomes of the inversion are ambiguous for we find many solutions that fit equally well, in a least‐squares sense, the observed AVO response. We present the locus of the solutions as curves in compressional velocity [Formula: see text], shear velocity [Formula: see text], and density [Formula: see text] space. To gain a better understanding of the results, we also perform the same inversion experiment on synthetic AVO data derived from the borehole information. We find that when inverting the AVO response in the same range of incidence angles as in the real data case, the exact solution is found whichever starting point we choose; that is, we have no ambiguity. However, if we limit the incidence angle range, e.g., to 15 degrees, the invention is no longer able to find a unique solution and the set of admissible solutions defines regular curves in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] space. We infer that residual noise in the recorded data is responsible for the ambiguities of the solutions, and that because of numerical noise, a wide range of incidence angle is required to obtain a unique solution even in noise‐free synthetic data.


2011 ◽  
Vol 282-283 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Xue Dong Feng ◽  
Yan Fei Ma

Volatilization of diesel oil in sand columns was conducted at the ambient temperature of 20 °C by spilling oil on the sand surface. The weight loss of oil was determined by pre and post weight of the sand columns and desiccant was measured on an electronic balance. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of moisture content on the volatilization of diesel oil in sand. The results show that the diesel oil and water in sand both volatilize at a linear rate with respect to time. The largest volatilization mass of diesel oil and water reach when the moisture contents are 8% and 20% respectively. Appropriate water content can help to pull the oil contaminants to the surface of the sand.


2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gertrud Tönsing

This article aims to explore the complex issue of the emotive effect of Christian songs. It is based mainly on a literature survey, using sources both from Christian hymnology and musicology. It also uses illustrative examples from three informal surveys in congregations on the reasons particular songs are favourites. The point is made that exploring this issue scientifically is very complex as there are so many variables in people’s appreciation of songs. Some of these elements are discussed, such as the effect of the external setting in which people experience a song, factors important in the appreciation of a text, such as poetic quality and knowledge of the author’s background. Other factors are the emotive quality and level of difficulty of a tune and in what time this style was popular. Then there are the internal factors, such as the link of a song with group identity and special memories. Some of the survey results corroborate the pointers in the literature for what makes certain songs particularly emotionally appealing. Some of these were a preference for musical styles popular in one’s youth, the importance of relationships with significant others for forming favourites and the important element of memory in the emotional impact of songs. Concluding pointers for worship include motivating for different styles of music in worship and carefully finding those songs in each new musical genre, which have the potential for sustaining today’s youth into the future.Contribution: This article makes a contribution in what is a complex and often emotionally charged issue in congregations: Worship styles and musical preferences. It argues for the importance of using different musical styles and bringing the generations together.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Hari Wibowo ◽  
J.S.E. Yuwono ◽  
Indah Asikin Nurani

Kawasan karst di Kabupaten Rembang adalah bagian dari Karst Perbukitan Rembang yang membentang dari Jawa Tengah hingga ke Pulau Madura. Di bagian Jawa lainnya terdapat pula barisan karst Gunung Sewu sebagai salah satu kawasan karst Pegunungan Selatan Jawa. Tidak seperti situs-situs arkeologi di Gunung Sewu yang telah diteliti secara intensif, kawasan karst Rembang di gugusan utara belum banyak diteliti. Hal inilah yang menggaris bawahi pentingnya penelitian arkeologi di kawasan karst di perbukitan Rembang, yaitu untuk menjajaki potensi gua-guanya sebagai hunian prasejarah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan penalaran induktif, dengan memakai variabel potensi gua, dan dilakukan dengan teknik survei gemorfologis dan arkeologis. Hasil survei kemudian dibagi menjadi tiga variabel pengharkatan, yaitu kandungan arkeologis gua, aksesibilitas, dan morfologi gua. Dalam penelitian lapangan terdapat 41 titik gua yang menjadi objek pengamatan, dan beberapa di antara gua-gua tersebut memenuhi tingkat probabilitas untuk dihuni. Namun demikian, tentu saja untuk membuktikan gua-gua ini benar-benar dihuni atau tidak pada masa prasejarah diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Lebih lanjut, jika dibandingkan dengan segmen-segmen di sebelah barat dan timurnya, potensi arkeologi kawasan karst Rembang, dalam pengertian situs-situs guanya, termasuk rendah. The karst region in Kabupaten Rembang is part of the Rembang Karst Zone that stretches from Central Java to Madura Island. Another mountain range of karst, the Gunung Sewu, lies on the southern region of Java. Unlike the archeological sites of Gunung Sewu that have been intensively investigated, the Rembang karst region in the northern ranges has not been much studied. This underlines the importance of archeological research in the karst region of Rembang, which is to explore the potentiality of its caves as prehistoric dwellings. This research employs descriptive method with inductive reasoning, using potential variables of a cave, and carried out with geomorphological and archaeological survey techniques. Survey results are further divided into three criteria, i.e. archaeological findings in caves, accessibility, and cave morphology. The field observation was focussed on 41 caves, and several of them indicated the probability of inhabitation. Nevertheless, further researches are required to prove whether these caves were inhabited or not during the prehistoric period. Furthermore, in terms of cave sites when compared to the west and east segments, the archaeological potency of Rembang karst regions is low.


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