Morphological variation of wild peppers (Capsicum spp.) from the state of Tabasco, Mexico

The pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the most important vegetables in Mexico. The aim of this study was to collect wild peppers and characterize in situ their morphological diversity. From January to November 2015, field trips were made to 54 locations in 15 municipalities in the state of Tabasco, Mexico; 131 collections were obtained in which a total of 23 plant, flower and fruit variables were evaluated. With the mean values of the variables, principal component (PC) and cluster analyses were performed. The first three PCs explained 65.2% of total morphological variability, with the variables fruit length, fruit shape, fruit width, leaf width, leaf length, plant height and branch density providing a greater explanation for the diversity. Cluster analysis grouped the 131 collections into two groups, one formed by the morphotypes 'Amashito', 'Garbanzo' and 'Ojo de cangrejo', with characteristics of C. annuum var. Glabriusculum, and the second group with the morphotype 'Pico de paloma' with characteristics of the species C. frutescens L. It is concluded that the wild peppers of the State of Tabasco have morphological diversity, which must be preserved as a genetic resource of interest.

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DIVA-GIS based insight into geographical distribution and diversity spectrum of Indian sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) accessions suitable for diversified applications

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr-4055 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

R. T. Maruthi ◽

A. A. Kumar ◽

S. B. Choudhary ◽

H. K. Sharma ◽

Jiban Mitra

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Mean Values ◽

North West ◽

Agglomerative Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

Commercial prospects of sunnhemp inspired present study to understand geographical distribution pattern(s) and to scale agro-morphological diversity spectrum of forty-four sunnhemp accessions naturalized across diverse habitats of India. Field experiment revealed broad spectrum diversity for all the 11 agro-morphological traits. Wider range of plant height (110.50 to 173.17 cm), number of pods per plant (35.33 to 143.00), seeds per pod (6.33-15.17g) and seed yield per plant (8.27-29.43g) highlighted the adequacy of present genetic resources to improve sunnhemp for diversified applications. Principal component analysis of the agro-morphological characters identified the first PC with 1109.6 eigen value explaining 61.70% of total variation followed by PC-II (22.9%) and PC-III (11.1%). In PC-I significant contribution was made by traits like NLP, NPP and PH. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis grouped all accessions into four distinct seed producing clusters irrespective of their origin. Cluster wise mean values suggested that cluster-II is the best with outstanding trait values for majority of traits. DIVA-GIS based analysis identified accessions from Rajasthan, Western Gujarat and Jharkhand with high diversity index for number of leaves/plant. But, accessions from North West Jharkhand and Maharashtra with highest diversity index for seed yield/plant.

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A morphometric study on Senecio erucifolius (Asteraceae) from Poland and its taxonomic implications

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.3505 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Marek Podsiedlik ◽

Renata Nowińska ◽

Leszek Bednorz

Keyword(s):

Discriminant Analysis ◽

Lateral Lobe ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Morphometric Study ◽

Stepwise Discriminant Analysis ◽

Morphological Heterogeneity ◽

Middle Leaf ◽

Tubular Flower

Twenty-three populations of Senecio erucifolius were sampled to study morphological diversity of the species in Poland. A total of 690 shoots, leaves, capitula, flowers, and fruits were characterized in respect to 27 quantitative traits and were subjected to morphometric analyses. Principal component analysis made it possible to distinguish two groups of individuals, corresponding to two infraspecific taxa – S. erucifolius subsp. tenuifolius (19 populations) and S. erucifolius subsp. erucifolius (four populations). The characters of the greatest importance in differentiating these two subspecies included the length of the upper lobe of the middle leaf, the width of the upper lobe, the width of the longest lateral lobe, the width of the upper lobe at the base, and the length of the tubular flower. Six of the 27 morphological features significantly differentiated populations within subspecies erucifolius according to a stepwise discriminant analysis. The length of the middle leaf, length of the tubular flower and width of the upper lobe at the base contributed most to the discrimination between the investigated populations. The discriminant analysis also showed considerable morphological heterogeneity of the 19 populations classified as subspecies tenuifolius. Seventeen characters significantly differentiated the populations, with the length of the achene and the ratio between the length and the width of the achene as the most important ones.

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The phytochemical and morphological diversity analysis of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. populations in South of Iran

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha48211845 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 588-603

Author(s):

Kourosh ZANDIFAR ◽

Hassanali NAGHID BADI ◽

Ali MEHRAFARIN ◽

Majid G. NOHOOJI

Keyword(s):

Wild Population ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Significant Difference ◽

In The Wild ◽

Ziziphus Nummularia ◽

High Diversity

Ziziphus nummularia is a multipurpose and tropical tree with medicinal, nutritional, industrial, and economic values. This tree, which belongs to the Rhamnaceae family, is originated from the South of Asia and North of Africa. This research was carried out to investigate the phytochemical and morphological diversity of 20 wild populations collected from different Southern regions of Iran. Statistical significant difference ranges between population were found in respect to saponin of the leaf (2.2-5.4 mg/g) and fruit (1.2-3.2 mg/g), phenol of the leaf (0.7-2.9 mg/g) and fruit (0.03-0.4 mg/g), tannin of the leaf (0.8-3.5 mg/g) and fruit (1.5-1.7 mg/g), and flavonoid of the leaf (3.3-4.3 mg/g) and fruit (1.5-2.4 mg/g). A factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three components (PC1-PC3) explain 79.04% of total variations. The first component (PC1) is explained by the most important traits of the PCA coefficient such as the leaf saponin, width of the end leaf, fruit saponin, length of the end leaf, leaf length and width, and leaf phenol with 42% of the total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the populations into four main groups with high diversity. In general, the Izeh Tarakab population had the highest content of leaf and fruit saponin. The content of leaf and fruit saponin as the major secondary metabolite could be a good determinant for detecting diversity in the wild population of Z. nummularia.

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Genetic Diversity and Taxonomic Studies of Allium Akaka and A. Elburzense Native to Iran Using Morphological Characters

Journal of Horticultural Research ◽

10.1515/johr-2017-0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 99-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sajad Jafari ◽

Mohammad Reza Hassandokht ◽

Mahdi Taheri ◽

Abdolkarim Kashi

Keyword(s):

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Seed Length ◽

Allium Species ◽

Fresh Vegetables ◽

Wild Accessions

AbstractTwo Allium species (A. akaka S.G. Gmelin and A. elburzense W.) native to Iran are used locally as the fresh vegetables and in medical therapy. They are not cultivated, but are collected from the wild, thus, will soon be threatened with extinction. In this study, the diversity of 15 wild accessions (4 accessions of A. elburzense endemic of Iran and 11 accessions of A. akaka) collected from the north-western part of Iran were evaluated with the use of 16 qualitative and 16 quantitative characteristics. The morphological characters with high heritability included leaf length, flower number in umbel, inflorescence diameter, leaf dry weight, bulb fresh weight, weight of 100 seeds, seed length and seed length/width. Results of the principal component analysis indicated that 92.52% of the observed variability was explained by the first six components. The first two components explained about 64.74% of the total observed variability. The first and third hierarchical cluster analysis included all accessions of A. akaka. The accessions of A. elburzense, except one, were placed in a separate cluster. These morphological descriptors can successfully apply for evaluating morphological diversity of Allium wild accessions and can help in horticultural usage.

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Rapid and objective characterization of channel morphology in a small, forested stream

10.5194/esurf-2020-33 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carina Helm ◽

Marwan A. Hassan ◽

David Reid

Keyword(s):

Spatial Scale ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Channel Morphology ◽

Classification Rate ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Small Width ◽

Gravel Bed Streams

Abstract. Forested, gravel bed streams possess complex channel morphologies which are difficult to objectively characterise. The spatial scale necessary to adequately capture variability in these streams is often unclear, as channels are governed by irregularly spaced features and episodic processes. This issue is compounded by the high cost and time-consuming nature of field surveys in this type of environment. In larger stream systems, remotely piloted aircraft (RPAs) have proven to be effective tools for characterizing channels at high resolutions over large spatial extents, but to date their use in small, forested streams with closed forest canopies has been limited. This paper seeks to demonstrate an objective method for characterizing channel attributes over large areas, using easily extractable data from RPA imagery collected under the forest canopy in a small (width = 10 to 15 m) stream, and to provide information on the spatial scale necessary to capture the dominant spatial morphological variability of these channels. First, the accuracy and coverage of RPAs for extracting channel data was investigated through a sub-canopy survey. From this survey data, relevant cross-sectional variables were extracted and used to characterize channel unit morphology using a principal component analysis-clustering (PCA-clustering) technique. Finally, the length scale required to capture dominant morphological variability was investigated from analysis of morphological diversity along nearly 3 km of channel. The results demonstrate that sub-canopy RPA surveys provide a viable alternative to traditional survey approaches for characterizing these systems, with 87 % coverage of the main channel stream bed. The PCA-clustering analysis provided a more objective means of classifying channel morphology with a correct classification rate of 85 %. Analysis of morphological diversity suggests that reaches of at least 15 bankfull width equivalents are required to capture the channel's dominant heterogeneity. Altogether, the results provide a precedent for using RPAs to characterize the morphology and diversity of forested streams under dense canopies.

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Replicated ecological landscapes and the evolution of morphological diversity among Gasterosteus populations from an archipelago on the west coast of Canada

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z06-036 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 84 (5) ◽

pp. 643-654 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

T.E. Reimchen ◽

P. Nosil

Keyword(s):

Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Sexually Dimorphic ◽

Haida Gwaii ◽

Body Depth ◽

Eye Diameter ◽

Freshwater Stickleback ◽

Gill Raker

We investigated defence and trophic morphology of 40 freshwater stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) populations from the Banks–Estevan archipelago for comparison with the isolated stickleback populations from the nearby Haida Gwaii archipelago. Using 14 size-standardized metric traits and 11 meristic or categorical traits from 1706 individuals (14–54/site), we found that the first principal component (PC1) defined a defence apparatus characterized by high loadings for pelvic spine length, number of forks on the ascending process, number of lateral plates, and overlap between lateral and basal plates. The second component (PC2) defined a trophic apparatus characterized by high loadings for gape length, eye diameter, and body depth. Populations with loss of spines, loss of plates, increased gape, increased body depth, and low gill raker number were most prevalent in ponds and shallow lakes with low conductivity. Most traits were sexually dimorphic, with males exhibiting greater armature and increased benthic trophic adaptations. We observed substantially less morphological variability among Banks–Estevan stickleback populations than among the Haida Gwaii populations and one instance of common ancestry or convergence to the giant black stickleback of Haida Gwaii.

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Identifying morphological diversity and superior germplasm of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Mandarin) in Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayas, India: an application of DIVA-GIS and cluster analysis

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.10.p2351 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1575-1582

Author(s):

Subhankar Gurung ◽

Arun Chettri ◽

Meera Tamang ◽

Mamta Chettri

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

The State ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Citrus Reticulata ◽

Fruit Diameter ◽

Darjeeling Himalayas

Citrus reticulata is an important cash crop for the farmers in the Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayas, India. The lack of knowledge of its diversity has only resulted in the lack of uniformity in the fruit quality. It has become imperative to identify superior varieties that meet the demands of the market to improve the citrus industry. Hence, a total of 105 accessions of mandarin were collected randomly from different locations to assess the morphological diversity using cluster analysis and DIVA-GIS. The orchards were randomly visited in each district of the state of Sikkim and two hilly districts of the state of West Bengal (WB). A sample tree was selected from each orchard and the quantitative and qualitative characters of its leaves, flowers, and fruits were measured. A significant variation was observed in the quantitative characters with a positive correlation between fruit weight and length, fruit diameter and weight, total soluble solids (TSS) /acidity and fruit diameter. The first 6 components of Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited 69.34% of the total variation. DIVA-GIS showed the highest diversity index for fruit weight, fruit diameter and TSS/acidity in East district, Sikkim. The highest coefficient variation for fruit diameter was observed in the East district and Darjeeling district, WB and TSS/acidity and fruit weight in East district. The dendrogram generated divided the accessions into two major clusters. The grid maps generated identified diverse accessions in the East district and Darjeeling district, which can be a source of superior germplasm

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Morphological Diversity and Bioactive Compounds in Wall Rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.)

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10020306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 306 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carla Guijarro-Real ◽

Jaime Prohens ◽

Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo ◽

Ana Fita

Keyword(s):

Growth Habit ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Principal Component ◽

Morphological Diversity ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

New Information ◽

Diplotaxis Erucoides ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Selection Of

Wall rocket is a wild vegetable with interest to become a crop. However, the information regarding morphological variability in the species is scarce, despite the interest it has received for breeding programs. In addition, evaluating the phytochemical composition can also be useful for developing materials of a high quality. In this study, forty-four populations were evaluated for selected morphoagronomic traits and contents in ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolics (TP), and nitrates (NO3−). Wall rocket plants had, on average, an intermediate growth habit and a good response to transplant. Moderate variability, mainly for size-related traits, was found, with low to moderate heritability estimates (H2 < 0.35). A Principal Component Analysis revealed that some materials may be selected for differenced traits. On the other hand, wall rocket materials had, on average, high contents in AA (53 mg 100 g−1) and TP (116 mg CAE 100 g−1) but also accumulated high levels of NO3− (891 mg 100 g−1). Significant positive correlations were found for AA and TP, which could be exploited for increasing the antioxidant activity and properties of the final product. We provide new information on the variation of wall rocket for traits of morphological and phytochemical interest, which together with other traits, such as the profile of glucosinolates, can be useful for the selection of materials in future breeding programs.

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A model of the analysis of the dynamics and structure of socio-economic development (an example of the set of the largest Polish cities in the years 1998–2015)

Urban Development Issues ◽

10.2478/udi-2019-0014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 25-37

Author(s):

Lidia Mierzejewska ◽

Jerzy Parysek

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Economic Development ◽

Development Process ◽

Principal Component ◽

The State ◽

Geographical Research ◽

Development Policies ◽

Socio Economic Development ◽

Development Processes ◽

State Of Affairs

Abstract The complexity of the reality studied by geographical research requires applying such methods which allow describing the state of affairs and ongoing changes in the best possible way. This study aims to present a model of research on selected aspects of the dynamics and structure of socio-economic development. The idea was to determine whether we deal with the process of reducing or widening the differences in terms of individual features. The article primarily pursues a methodological goal, and to a lesser extent an empirical one. The methodological objective of the paper was to propose and verify a multi-aspect approach to the study of development processes. The analyses carried out reveal that in terms of the features taken into account in the set of 24 of the largest Polish cities the dominating processes are those increasing differences between cities, which are unfavourable in the context of the adopted development policies aiming at reducing the existing disparities. In relation to the methodological objective, the results of the conducted research confirm the rationale of the application of the measures of dynamics and the feature variance to determine the character (dynamics and structure) of the socio-economic development process of cities. Comparatively less effective, especially for interpretation, is the application of principal component analysis and a multivariate classification, which is mainly the result of differences in the variance of particular features.

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CONSIDERATION OF THE VALIDITY OF THE STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF pH IN SURFACE WATERS

Engineering survey ◽

10.25296/1997-8650-2019-13-2-52-58 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 52-58

Author(s):

V. B. Korobov ◽

I. V. Miskevich ◽

A. S. Lokhov ◽

K. A. Seredkin

Keyword(s):

Field Measurements ◽

Heavy Precipitation ◽

The State ◽

Statistical Characteristics ◽

Mean Values ◽

River Waters ◽

Ph Values ◽

State Of Water ◽

Environment Temperature ◽

Unit Characteristic

Abstract: pH is one of the most important parameters characterizing the state of water systems. The arithmetic mean values of samples are often used when averaging serial pH measurements in water bodies, as is usually done for other characteristics of the state of the natural environment (temperature, salinity, oxygen concentrations, suspended solids, etc.). However, in this case such an operation is illegal, since the addition of logarithms, which by definition are pH, is non-additive. The authors conducted a study to determine the extent to which pH variability in natural objects such an operation would not distort the results. For this, several samples of the pH index were generated in various ranges of its theoretically possible and natural variability. It was established that with pH variability of less than a unit characteristic of marine pH values, the statistical characteristics of the indicator and [H+ ] concentrations differ slightly, and the medians of the samples coincide. It is concluded that with such ranges characteristic of the waters of the oceans, there is no need to recalculate previously obtained results. However, for the estuaries of rivers flowing into tidal seas, as shown by field measurements, the pH variability in the mixing zone of sea and river waters is several times higher. Similar situations may occur when heavy precipitation falls on the water surface, as well as during floods. In these cases, a simple averaging of the pH values will no longer be correct. In such cases, the use of other averaging algorithms and the choice of stable statistical characteristics are required.

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