scholarly journals Castas, raças e a política colonial na Índia

Afro-Ásia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Hofbauer
Keyword(s):  
Social Institution ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Sociopolitical Organization ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Central Social

<p>Em <em>Homo hierarchicus</em> (1966), Louis Dumont apresenta o sistema das castas como uma instituição social central da Índia e o opõe ao fenômeno do racismo, que o autor relaciona a sociedades nominalmente igualitárias nas quais perduram desigualdades justificadas com base em argumentos biológicos. Buscando uma alternativa a esta análise estruturalista clássica, o artigo aponta para os contextos históricos em que as castas se tornaram importantes organizações sociopolíticas e sofreram diversas remodelações: busca-se mostrar como as disputas locais, que envolviam colonizadores, elites brâmanes, protonacionalistas e até líderes dalits, contribuíram para a consolidação e disseminação do sistema de castas em todo o subcontinente. Nos diversos discursos, tanto a casta quanto a raça foram usadas como argumento não apenas para incentivar processos de identificação ou distanciamento, mas também para justificar tratamento desigual e exclusão ou reivindicar direitos específicos.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>casta | raça | colonialismo | Índia.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><em><strong>Abstract:</strong></em></p><p><em>In </em>Homo hierarchicus<em> (1966), Louis Dumont presents the caste system as a central social institution in India and opposes it to the phenomenon of racism, which the author relates to nominally egalitarian societies in which inequalities justified by biological arguments persist. Seeking an alternative to this classic structuralist analysis, this article points to the historical contexts in which caste became an important sociopolitical organization and underwent several remodelings: it seeks to show how local disputes involving colonizers, the Brahmin elites, proto-nationalists and even Dalit leaders contributed to the consolidation and dissemination of the caste system throughout the subcontinent. In various discourses, both caste and race were used as arguments not only to encourage processes of identification or distancing, but also to justify unequal treatment and exclusion or to claim specific rights.</em></p><p><em><em><strong>Keywords: </strong></em>caste | race | colonialism | India.</em></p>

3. Colonial India: religious and caste divides

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Craig Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Natural Feature ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
Partition Of India

India is often identified as a Hindu country, but there are many other religions in India including Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity. ‘Colonial India: religious and caste divides’ explains India’s religious diversity and the inequalities that are associated with the assumed ‘Hindu-ness’ of India. It also describes the Partition of India into three new nations in 1947 and the accompanying violence. A sharply hierarchical caste system is not necessarily a natural feature of Indian society. Caste is rather a social institution that has changed historically in response to economic and political forces. The imperial power introduced or exacerbated social contradictions that continue to mark the lives of low castes in modern India.

scholarly journals Analogical Reasoning (Qiyas) and the Commodification of Women: Applying Commercial Concepts to the Marital Relationship in Islamic Law

ICR Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-180
Author(s):  
Mohammad Omar Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
Impact On Family ◽  
Islamic View ◽  
Central Social

Analogical reasoning (qiyas) is one of the four sources of Islamic jurisprudence. It is recognised that the outcomes of qiyas are generally speculative in nature. However, a vast portion of the corpus of Islamic law is derived based on qiyas. One such area is marital relationship and mutual rights of the spouses. In several areas of marital relationship and mutual rights, the Islamic jurisprudents have applied concepts and tools that are related to commerce or business (tijarah). Such terminologies include bay’ (exchange/buy/sale) and ijarah (lease). This article examines such employment of business-related framework in the area of marital relationship and mutual rights. Based on both classical and post-classical legal sources, the author analyses the legalistic tendency underlying the legacy of the traditional Islamic law, as exemplified in using business-related framework in an overreaching manner. This article also offers an explanation of how the traditional Islamic view on slavery might be closely connected to this commodified view. Furthermore, it sheds light on how such commodification can impact on family as a central social institution.

Dalit Camera: Through Untouchable Eyes

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Suresh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Caste Discrimination ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Institutions

In India, Dalits also known as ‘untouchables’ have been exploited and subjected to various sorts of atrocities due to the social stratification of Indian society. Though Dalit populace is around 23 percentage of total Indian population, they are underprivileged and discriminated in numerous ways. Dalits are socially, economically and politically segregated and oppressed by the caste dominated society. Mass media which claims to be the social institution seldom gives coverage to Dalit related issues. Even if any news items were to appear in the mainstream media, it was only misrepresentation of facts. For centuries, Dalits have been making an effort to emancipate from the clutches of caste system, and many Dalit leaders have even laid down their lives for this cause. Nonetheless, Dalits continue to undergo the caste discrimination in all spheres of their lives. Dalit intellectuals and activists tried to voice their concerns to the mass media, but owing to the caste dominated media and the absence of Dalit journalists, their voices were unheard and silenced. Dalits were even denied the space to work in such media institutions. When Dalits themselves tried to own their media to champion Dalits’ cause, economic factors miserably failed them in perpetuating such efforts. Thus, Dalits were denied their space to voice their views on a public platform. In a situation such as this, the emergence and proliferation of internet and social networking sites have provided a sigh of relief to them to voice their problems to be heard even to the international community. Dalit Camera, a YouTube channel has become a rallying point for the Dalit community in India. This article throws light on how Dalit Camera is a platform for the expression of discrimination and avenue for exposing the atrocities committed on Dalits.

From Craft to Institution: Accounting in Italy from the Middle ages to the Early Modern Period

2012 ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Professional Field

The article describes the evolution of accounting from the simple registration technique to economic and social institution in medieval Italy. We used methods of institutional analysis and historical research. It is shown that the institutionalization of accounting had been completed by the XIV century, when it became a system of codified technical standards, scholar discipline and a professional field. We examine the interrelations of this process with business environment, political, social, economic and cultural factors of Italy by the XII—XVI centuries. Stages of institutionalization are outlined.

Current issues in aesthetics and beyond: Revisiting lookism

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Peter Takáč
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Common View ◽  
Aesthetic Medicine ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Public Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common

AbstractLookism is a term used to describe discrimination based on the physical appearance of a person. We suppose that the social impact of lookism is a philosophical issue, because, from this perspective, attractive people have an advantage over others. The first line of our argumentation involves the issue of lookism as a global ethical and aesthetical phenomenon. A person’s attractiveness has a significant impact on the social and public status of this individual. The common view in society is that it is good to be more attractive and healthier. This concept generates several ethical questions about human aesthetical identity, health, authenticity, and integrity in society. It seems that this unequal treatment causes discrimination, diminishes self-confidence, and lowers the chance of a job or social enforcement for many human beings. Currently, aesthetic improvements are being made through plastic surgery. There is no place on the human body that we cannot improve with plastic surgery or aesthetic medicine. We should not forget that it may result in the problem of elitism, in dividing people into primary and secondary categories. The second line of our argumentation involves a particular case of lookism: Melanie Gaydos. A woman that is considered to be a model with a unique look.

Due To Sell Off Power Of Legal Documents Are Made In Making Act Commerce Land And Buildings By Notary

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Paulus Meldif Dika Pratama ◽  
Gunarto Gunarto
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Justice Theory ◽  
Certificate Authority ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
Made In

The purpose of this study was to analyze the legal consequences of the agreement of power sell off made in the manufacture of an agreement of sale by Notary. Legal theory used in this study, among others: justice theory, the theory of authority and responsibility theory. The approach used in this study is primarily sociological juridical approach. Sociological juridical approach is to identify and conceptualize law as a social institution that is real and functional in a real life system. The results of this study finally provides the answer that the certificate authority to sell off which made the authorizer to the Proxy should still be subject to and required for payment of taxes from the sale of land and / or buildings that have been sold such, it thus obliged Notary socialize at the time the parties face because it is concerned responsibility by agreement authorized to sell he made in the manufacture of an agreement of sale in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the Indonesian Government Regulation No. 36 of 2016 regarding Income Tax on Income From the Transfer of Rights to Land and / or Buildings, And Agreements sale and purchase Land And / Or Building Along with its amendment.Keywords: Certificate Authority To Sell; Agreement Of Sale; Notary.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL SOCIAL INSTITUTION IN COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT IN BANDUNG REGENCY, INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helly Ocktilia
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Style ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Supportive Leadership ◽  
Community Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of the existence of the local social organization in conducting community empowerment. The experiment was conducted at Community Empowerment Institution (In Indonesia it is referred to as Lembaga Pemberdayaan Masyarakat/LPM). LPM Cibeunying as one of the local social institution in Bandung regency. Aspects reviewed in the study include the style of leadership, processes, and stages of community empowerment, as well as the LPM network. The research method used is a case study with the descriptive method and qualitative approach. Data collection was conducted against five informants consisting of the Chairman and LPM’s Board members, village officials, and community leaders. The results show that the dominant leadership style is participative, in addition to that, a supportive leadership style and directive leadership style are also used in certain situations. The empowerment process carried out per the stages of the empowerment process is identifying and assessing the potential of the region, problems, and opportunities-chances; arranging a participative activity plan; implementing the activity plan; and monitoring and evaluating the process and results of activities. The social networking of LPM leads to a social network of power in which LPM can influence the behavior of communities and community institutions in utilizing and managing community empowerment programs. From the research, it can be concluded that the model of community empowerment implemented by LPM Cibeunying Village is enabling, empowering, and protecting.

Students’ and Applicants’ Social Perceptions of the Risks of Educational Environment at Higher Education Institution

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Lyalyuk ◽  
O. R. Tuchina
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Higher Education Institution ◽  
Investigation Methods

Educational system is the most important social institution, which provides the development of a personality and frames his/her worldview and the conception of subjective well-being. Despite the large number of studies on the issue of psychological and pedagogical security of educational environment, the sphere of higher education still remains underexplored. The available empiric material has not received sufficient methodological justification and conceptualization. This article aims to provide the conceptualization of the risk category as applied to the educational environment of a higher education institution, as well as empiric investigation of the risks within the educational environment as viewed by applicants and students.Materials and methods. 213 applicants and 547 students of the Kuban State Technological University took part in the survey. The following investigation methods were used: expert assessment, interview, questioning, content analysis, analysis of means method, cluster analysis and factor analysis.Investigation results. Comparative examination of the manifestation degree of risks within the educational environment as viewed by applicants and students of higher education institution showed significant differences in the assessment of risk by these groups of respondents. From the point of view of applicants, the main risks are connected with social and psychological aspects of the educational environment of a higher education institution, relations within student groups and interaction with teachers, as well as with the issues related to the educational management and leisure arrangement. As viewed by the students, the risks within the educational environment include external and social and psychological risk factors, motivating risks and risks arising from the learning process organization and management and the related issues. Applicants’ notion of the risks within the educational environment of a higher education institution was mainly influenced by information they received from media and by the opinion of their relatives and age mates.Consideration and conclusions. It was proved that the applicants’ idea of the risks within the educational environment of a higher education institution is determined by the opinion of people they know personally, however it changes during the process of studying in higher education institution and acquiring their own experience of being within the environment. The investigation results allow creating a model of psychological and pedagogical security within the educational environment of a higher education institution. This model makes it possible to forecast main risks of the educational environment, their development, and evolvement and find solution to them. 

Initial Decipherment of Indus script

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramkumar Unnipillai Santhakumari
Keyword(s):  
Caste System ◽  
Southern India ◽  
Early Form

A partial decipherment of Indus script is described. Sound values for Indus characters , readings obtained and conclusions derived are explained here. The Indus script seems derived from Protocuneiform script and in turn Brahmi script seems derived from the Indus script. The decipherment seems to indicate that the seals were a form of identification. There is evidence of an early form of caste system prevalent among Dalits in Southern India in these seals. The readings show that the language used was of Dravidian origin

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