Towards Industrialisation in Tanzania: Drivers and Barriers to Green Manufacturing

For the industrialization efforts to be fruitful and sustainable, they should be coupled with Green Manufacturing (GM) which simply implies clean manufacturing. This study analyses the drivers and barriers to GM in Tanzania. It specifically analyses the drivers and barriers to GM and ranks them for prioritisation. The study made the use of cross-sectional primary data which were collected using interviewer administered questionnaires from a random sample of 185 manufacturing firms in two purposively selected regions of Dodoma and Mwanza in Tanzania. In the analysis, the Binary Logistic regression was used to estimate the drivers and barriers to GM using the STATA software. The results showed that some of the significant drivers to green manufacturing include; firm size, firms resources, current legislation, incentives, and public pressure, The significant barriers included high short term costs, low customer demand, technological risk, lack of awareness and unclear benefits. It was also found that the highest ranked driver to GM was the firm size and the highest ranked barrier to GM was the short term costs. The study finally recommends that the relevant authorities should prioritize on the significant drivers and barriers to GM so that the move towards industrialisation in Tanzania can be more fruitful and sustainable.

Transformasi Hijau dan Implikasinya terhadap Daya Saing Berkelanjutan

Transformasi Hijau dan Implikasinya terhadap Daya Saing BerkelanjutanAbstractThis paper examines the linkage of green transformation and competitive advantage at the global level using constant market share and global value chain analysis. Constant market share analysis is used to measure a country’s trade contribution by comparing a country’s export growth with world export growth. Global value chain analysis is also employed to strengthen the constant market share analysis by looking at the role of green transformation in boosting the Indonesian competitiveness in the global supply chain. To achieve the objective of this study, data was collected from secondary sources such as the United Nations Comtrade Database and Asian Development Bank multi-regional input-output (ADB MRIO) for the period of 2000-2018. Constant market share analysis shows that dirty manufactured products from Indonesia can no longer be relied on to compete in the US and European markets due to the increasingly stringent environmental standards and regulations in those countries. Meanwhile, global value chain analysis finds that the clean manufacturing industry has higher competitiveness than the gross manufacturing industry at the global market level. For this reason, this study concludes that the future of Indonesia's manufacturing industry to compete at the global level is in the hand of the clean manufacturing industry.Keywords: green transformation; competitiveness; environmental regulation; constant market share analysis; global value chain analysisJEL Classification: F14, F18, Q56

Industrial ecosystems and digitalization in the context of sustainable development

The digital revolution and extended use of modern digital technologies define the intensification of formation processes and further development of industrial ecosystems as stable geographically established networks of interconnected diverse enterprises and institutions, that are based on certain manufacturing technologies. At the same time, the location of industrial ecosystems is changed, which manifests itself in contradictory processes of reshoring and nearshoring, deepening their specialization, as the result of which in various regions of the world existing industrial ecosystems are transforming and new ones with different environmental influence are forming. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to educe current peculiarities of their evolution in terms of digitalization in the context of sustainable development. Every industrial ecosystem is unique, but it also has some certain similarities with other ecosystems, giving objective reasons for distinguishing their characteristic types. This study carries out the grouping of national economies (68 countries) by the size of industrial ecosystems (value added), their labor intensiveness, knowledge intensiveness and environmental friendliness (CO2 emissions). According to results of the cluster analysis, it is found that the absolute leadership by qualitative characteristics, primarily in terms of labor productivity and R&D costs, belongs to industrial ecosystems of advanced countries in Europe, Asia-Pacific region and the United States. With regard to Ukraine, its industrial ecosystem is classified to the cluster of countries that are "catching up" and characterized by worse indicators, including in the framework of sustainable development. To assess the environmental friendliness of industrial ecosystems, it is suggested to use the indicator of a normalized area of an ecological footprint that characterizes its size, which accrues to consumption of 1 ton of coal. Calculations of this indicator show that the increase of world coal consumption in recent decades is followed by a decrease of a normalized area of the ecological footprint as a result of progress in the development of "clean" manufacturing technologies and consumption of this energy source. However, the situation is different in various clusters of industrial ecosystems. With the difference of volume of GDP per capita, the normalized ecological footprint of developing countries is almost 3 times higher than in advanced ones. Namely, the life support in industrial ecosystems of developing countries (including Ukraine) per 1 dollar of income is associated with a significantly higher normalized ecological footprint. The Ukrainian national industrial ecosystem is currently characterized by the low technical and technological level of production and high normalized coal consumption with corresponding negative consequences for the environment. To ensure its transition to a sustainable development trajectory, it is necessary to create institutions that would stimulate a cyclical model of industrial behavior at the state level, as well as the development and dissemination of new digital technologies in industrial production and energy sector that can reduce the ecological footprint.

A Strategic Location Decision-Making Approach for Multi-Tier Supply Chain Sustainability

Few studies on supply location decisions focus on enhancing triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability in supply chains; they rarely employ objective quantifiable measurements which help ensure consistent and transparent decisions or reveal relationships between business and environmental trade-off criteria. Therefore, we propose a decision-making approach for objectively selecting multi-tier supply locations based on cost and carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) from manufacturing, logistics, and sustainability-assurance activities, including certificate implementation, sample-checking, living wage and social security payments, and factory visits. Existing studies and practices, logic models, activity-based costing, and feedback from an application and experts help develop the approach. The approach helps users in location decisions and long-term supply chain planning by revealing relationships among factors, TBL sustainability, and potential risks. This approach also helps users evaluate whether supplier prices are too low to create environmental and social compliance. Its application demonstrates potential and flexibility in revealing both lowest- and optimized-cost and CO2e supply chains, under various contexts and constraints, for different markets. Very low cost/CO2e supply chains have proximity between supply chain stages and clean manufacturing energy. Considering sustainability-assurance activities differentiates our approach from existing studies, as the activities significantly impact supply chain cost and CO2e in low manufacturing unit scenarios.

Clean manufacturing powered by biology: how Amyris has deployed technology and aims to do it better

Amyris is a fermentation product company that leverages synthetic biology and has been bringing novel fermentation products to the market since 2009. Driven by breakthroughs in genome editing, strain construction and testing, analytics, automation, data science, and process development, Amyris has commercialized nine separate fermentation products over the last decade. This has been accomplished by partnering with the teams at 17 different manufacturing sites around the world. This paper begins with the technology that drives Amyris, describes some key lessons learned from early scale-up experiences, and summarizes the technology transfer procedures and systems that have been built to enable moving more products to market faster. Finally, the breadth of the Amyris product portfolio continues to expand; thus the steps being taken to overcome current challenges (e.g. automated strain engineering can now outpace the rest of the product commercialization timeline) are described.

Tax Policies for Clean Manufacturing: Implementing the Green New Deal

Tax Policies for Clean Manufacturing: Implementing the Green New Deal

Time and Size-dependent Biogenically Synthesized Nanoparticles Using Fungus Fusarium Oxysporum: A Review on their Preparation, Characterization and Biological Activities

In recent time, green synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles (MNPs) is the latest developing technology and received exceptional interest because it is simple, eco-friendly, pollutant-free, nontoxic, and a low-cost approach. Green route of biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles via microbes (bacteria, fungi, virus, yeast, algae etc.) has the potential to deliver clean manufacturing technology. Fungi are in the great use for the synthesis of nanoparticles and are more advantageous as compared with other microorganisms in several ways. Fungi grow in the form of a group of mycelia, which helps them to withstand flow pressure and agitation and various other conditions to which microbes are subjected to in a bioreactor, used for large-scale production. This review has its major focus on fungus Fusarium oxysporum, which is capable of synthesizing a large number of different types of nanoparticles such as titanium, magnesium, platinum, silver, gold, zirconium, and strontium, titania and silica oxide and many more. Biogenically synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by different techniques and exhibited biological activity. The fungi with metabolic capabilities can effectively synthesize a large number of nanoparticles both extracellularly and intracellularly. The biologically synthesized nanoparticles have wide ranges of applications especially in agricultural and medicinal industries.