scholarly journals Assessing the learning and transfer of gaze behaviours in immersive virtual reality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Harris ◽  
Kyle J. Hardcastle ◽  
Mark R. Wilson ◽  
Samuel J. Vine
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Transfer Test ◽  
Rule Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Search Rate ◽  
Training Task ◽  
Search Training ◽  
Effective Transfer ◽  
Better Than

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) has clear potential for improving simulation training in many industries. Yet, methods for testing the fidelity, validity and training efficacy of VR environments are, in general, lagging behind their adoption. There is limited understanding of how readily skills learned in VR will transfer, and what features of training design will facilitate effective transfer. Two potentially important elements are the psychological fidelity of the environment, and the stimulus correspondence with the transfer context. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of VR for training police room searching procedures, and assessed the corresponding development of perceptual-cognitive skill through eye-tracking indices of search efficiency. Participants (n = 54) were assigned to a VR rule-learning and search training task (FTG), a search only training task (SG) or a no-practice control group (CG). Both FTG and SG developed more efficient search behaviours during the training task, as indexed by increases in saccade size and reductions in search rate. The FTG performed marginally better than the CG on a novel VR transfer test, but no better than the SG. More efficient gaze behaviours learned during training were not, however, evident during the transfer test. These findings demonstrate how VR can be used to develop perceptual-cognitive skills, but also highlight the challenges of achieving transfer of training.

scholarly journals The development of visual search behaviours in immersive virtual reality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harris ◽  
Kyle Hardcastle ◽  
Mark Wilson ◽  
Samuel James Vine
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Transfer Test ◽  
Rule Learning ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Search Rate ◽  
Saccade Size ◽  
Search Training ◽  
Cognitive Expertise

Virtual reality (VR) has clear potential for improving simulation training in many industries. Yet, methods for testing the fidelity, validity and training efficacy of VR environments is, in general, lagging behind their adoption. In this study we examined the effectiveness of VR for training Police room searching procedures, and assessed the corresponding development of perceptual-cognitive expertise through eye-tracking indices of search efficiency. Participants (n=54) were assigned to a VR rule-learning and search training game, a search only training game or a no-practice control group. The VR search training group developed more efficient search behaviours (indexed by saccade size, search rate and gaze entropy) and performed better than controls on a novel transfer test. Efficient gaze behaviours learned during training were not, however, evident during the transfer test. These findings demonstrate how VR can be used to develop perceptual-cognitive skills, but also highlight the challenges of achieving transfer of training.

Comparing the Mathematics Continuous Performance Test With Other Measures of Tests of Attention

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubi Lufi ◽  
Shachar Pan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Continuous Performance Test ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Continuous Performance ◽  
Adhd Assessment ◽  
Research Reporting ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Continuous Performance Tests ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Several studies have shown that Continuous Performance Tests (CPT) can diagnose Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) better than other tests. Research reporting comparisons of two or more CPT-type tests is scarce. The purpose of the study was to compare the Mathematics Continuous Performance Test (MATH-CPT) with another CPT-type test (CPT II) and a questionnaire (the Brown Scale). The comparison was carried out by looking at correlations among subscales and checking the precision of detecting ADHD. Ninety-five high school and college students participated in the study, 41 with ADHD were the research group and 54 were the control group. The participants performed the two tests and answered the questionnaire. The results showed that the MATH-CPT correctly identified 74.50% of the participants of both groups as compared to the 71.60% of the CPT II. Correlations between the two CPT-type tests were moderate; however, they were similar to correlations found in other studies comparing similar tools. The MATH-CPT, final attention formula, showed significant correlations with the Brown scales, while the CPT II, confidence index associated with ADHD assessment, showed nonsignificant correlations with the questionnaire. The study indicated that MATH-CPT can be used with a clinical population of ADHD and for research purposes.

PENGGUNAAN MODEL KOOPERATIF TIPE TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Noor
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Team Games ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
Grade Material ◽  
Normalized Gain ◽  
Cooperative Models ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence about the use of cooperative models of Team Games Tournament to increase the ability of students on solving problems with the summation material fractions. To achieve these objectives, the research carried out in the form of an experiment by comparing the problem solving ability of students to the material sum of fractions through the use cooperative model of TGT and students who received conventional learning. The design is a pretest-posttest control group design. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling technique. The instrument used is to use tests that pretest and posttest. The data were analyzed quantitatively for the results of the pretest, posttest, and normalized gain value. Based on data analysis in this study we concluded that there are differences in problem solving ability of students to the material sum of fractions through the use of cooperative models of Team Games Tournament with students who studied with conventional models, and improved problem solving abilities of students in the material that follows the fractional summation cooperative learning of TGT better than students who take the conventional learning model. Therefore, the ability of solving problems of students at grade material fractions summation cooperative modeled of TGT has increased quite good.

The Effect of Language Games with Audio Visual Aids on Students’ Speaking Competence at Fourth Graders of Tunas Daud Elementary School

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Susnawati. K ◽  
Marhaeni A.A.I.N ◽  
Ramendra D.P
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Fourth Grade Students ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Competence Test ◽  
Better Than

Study aimed to determine the effect of language games with audio visual aids on students' speaking competence at fourth grade students of Tunas Daud elementary school and to describe the implementation of language games with audio visual aids on students’ speaking competence. The design used in this research was a mixed method design. It was explanatory design since this research was started with quantitative design (experimental design with post test only control design) followed by qualitative design. The samples were 62 students; 31 students of the experimental group and 31 students of the control group of fourth grade Tunas Daud elementary students. The data were collected by using speaking competence test and analyzed by IBM SPSS 22 with independent t-test. The data were also collected through an observation sheet for observing the implementation of the language games with audio visual aids. The results showed there was a significant effect of the language games with audio visual aids on students' speaking competence in which the mean score of the students who were taught by using language games with audio visual aids is better than the students who were taught without language games with audio visual aids. For the implementation of the language games with audio visual aids, it can be seen that the implementation of the language games with audio visual aids were done in a very good way. The games was suitable for the students since it could give good impacts for the students. The students are active and confident to speak.

The Role of Chess in the Intellectual Development of Childrens from Primary School

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Vlad Stegariu ◽  
Simona Andreea Popușoi ◽  
Beatrice Abălașei ◽  
Nicolae Lucian Voinea ◽  
Ioan Stelescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Resources Allocation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
One Year ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Chess Playing

Chess playing has a significant role in participants’ resources allocation, both at a psychological level, but mostly concerning the cognitive resources. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of chess playing on the intellectual development of primary-class students. 67 children were tested using the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices and were distributed in three different groups according to their experience with chess, namely: the control group (formed by students with no experience with chess playing), the beginners group (students with less than one year in chess playing training) and the advanced group (children with more than two years experience with chess). Results indicated that chess playing had a significant effect on the SPM performance, indicating that those in the advanced group performed significantly better than those in the control or in the beginners group. Conclusions of this study tap into the benefits of playing chess with a focus on the children’s’ cognitive development.

The clinical relevance of isolated lupus anticoagulant positivity in patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-mei Yin ◽  
Philip de Groot ◽  
Marisa Ninivaggi ◽  
Katrien M.J. Devreese ◽  
Bas de Laat
Keyword(s):  
Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Antiphospholipid Antibodies ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Lupus Anticoagulant ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Domain I ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Better Than

Background: Patients positive for three types of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) (triple positivity) have been identified at a high risk for thrombotic events. However, the clinical significance of isolated lupus anticoagulant (LAC) positivity is debated. Objectives: To investigate the clinical relevance of isolated LAC. Patients/Methods 456 patients were enrolled in this study; 66 antiphospholipid syndrome patients and 390 control patients. The control group existed of autoimmune patients (n=91), patients with thrombosis but without aPLs (n=127) and normal controls (n=172). The criteria LAC, anti-cardiolipin (anti-CL) and anti-beta2glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) IgG and IgM and the non-criteria IgA anti-CL and anti-β2GPI, anti-domain I (anti-DI) of β2GPI IgG and anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin (anti-PS/PT) IgG and IgM were detected according to the ISTH guidelines for solid phase assays. Results: 70 patients were positive for LAC, of which 44 were negative for both anti-β2GPI and anti-CL. We found that isolated LAC proved to be strongly associated with vascular thrombosis (Odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) 7.3 (3.3-16.1)), even better than triple positive samples (OR 4.3 (1.6-12.2)). The titers of the anti-PS/PT IgG and IgM were significantly higher in triple positivity samples compared to samples with isolated LAC positivity. The majority of single LAC positives were anti-PS/PT negative. We observed that LAC positivity was weaker in isolated LAC positive patients compared to LAC activity in triple positive patients. Conclusions: Isolated LAC was highly associated with thrombosis. The presence of anti-PS/PT could not explain LAC positivity in isolated LAC. Isolated LAC showed a weaker LAC activity compared to triple positive patients.

scholarly journals Lower Extremity Rehabilitation in Patients with Post-Stroke Sequelae through Virtual Reality Associated with Mirror Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2654
Author(s):  
Roxana Steliana Miclaus ◽  
Nadinne Roman ◽  
Ramona Henter ◽  
Silviu Caloian
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mirror Therapy ◽  
Cohen’S D ◽  
Cohen's D ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Post Therapy

More innovative technologies are used worldwide in patient’s rehabilitation after stroke, as it represents a significant cause of disability. The majority of the studies use a single type of therapy in therapeutic protocols. We aimed to identify if the association of virtual reality (VR) therapy and mirror therapy (MT) exercises have better outcomes in lower extremity rehabilitation in post-stroke patients compared to standard physiotherapy. Fifty-nine inpatients from 76 initially identified were included in the research. One experimental group (n = 31) received VR therapy and MT, while the control group (n = 28) received standard physiotherapy. Each group performed seventy minutes of therapy per day for ten days. Statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric tests. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed that both groups registered significant differences between pre-and post-therapy clinical status for the range of motion and muscle strength (p < 0.001 and Cohen’s d between 0.324 and 0.645). Motor Fugl Meyer Lower Extremity Assessment also suggested significant differences pre-and post-therapy for both groups (p < 0.05 and Cohen’s d 0.254 for the control group and 0.685 for the experimental group). Mann-Whitney results suggested that VR and MT as a therapeutic intervention have better outcomes than standard physiotherapy in range of motion (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d 0.693), muscle strength (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d 0.924), lower extremity functionality (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d 0.984) and postural balance (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d 0.936). Our research suggests that VR therapy associated with MT may successfully substitute classic physiotherapy in lower extremity rehabilitation after stroke.

scholarly journals Why a Virtual Assistant for Moral Enhancement When We Could have a Socrates?

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Lara
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Moral Enhancement ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
Educational Methodology ◽  
Better Than

AbstractCan Artificial Intelligence (AI) be more effective than human instruction for the moral enhancement of people? The author argues that it only would be if the use of this technology were aimed at increasing the individual's capacity to reflectively decide for themselves, rather than at directly influencing behaviour. To support this, it is shown how a disregard for personal autonomy, in particular, invalidates the main proposals for applying new technologies, both biomedical and AI-based, to moral enhancement. As an alternative to these proposals, this article proposes a virtual assistant that, through dialogue, neutrality and virtual reality technologies, can teach users to make better moral decisions on their own. The author concludes that, as long as certain precautions are taken in its design, such an assistant could do this better than a human instructor adopting the same educational methodology.

scholarly journals Towards estimating affective states in Virtual Reality based on behavioral data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Holzwarth ◽  
Johannes Schneider ◽  
Joshua Handali ◽  
Joy Gisler ◽  
Christian Hirt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
User Study ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Physical Demand ◽  
Perceived Performance ◽  
Sequential Administration ◽  
Better Than

AbstractInferring users’ perceptions of Virtual Environments (VEs) is essential for Virtual Reality (VR) research. Traditionally, this is achieved through assessing users’ affective states before and after being exposed to a VE, based on standardized, self-assessment questionnaires. The main disadvantage of questionnaires is their sequential administration, i.e., a user’s affective state is measured asynchronously to its generation within the VE. A synchronous measurement of users’ affective states would be highly favorable, e.g., in the context of adaptive systems. Drawing from nonverbal behavior research, we argue that behavioral measures could be a powerful approach to assess users’ affective states in VR. In this paper, we contribute by providing methods and measures evaluated in a user study involving 42 participants to assess a users’ affective states by measuring head movements during VR exposure. We show that head yaw significantly correlates with presence, mental and physical demand, perceived performance, and system usability. We also exploit the identified relationships for two practical tasks that are based on head yaw: (1) predicting a user’s affective state, and (2) detecting manipulated questionnaire answers, i.e., answers that are possibly non-truthful. We found that affective states can be predicted significantly better than a naive estimate for mental demand, physical demand, perceived performance, and usability. Further, manipulated or non-truthful answers can also be estimated significantly better than by a naive approach. These findings mark an initial step in the development of novel methods to assess user perception of VEs.

scholarly journals Effect of Antibacterial Root Canal Sealer on Persistent Apical Periodontitis

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Ge Yang ◽  
Biao Ren ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Xian Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Apical Periodontitis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Canal Sealer ◽  
Root Canal Filling ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cone Beam Computer Tomography ◽  
Better Than

The infection of Enterococcus faecalis and its interacting microorganisms in the root canal could cause persistent apical periodontitis (AP). Antibacterial root canal sealer has favorable prospects to inhibit biofilms. The purpose of this study was to investigated the antibacterial effect of root canal sealer containing dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) on persistent AP in beagle dogs for the first time. Persistent AP was established by a two-step infection with Enterococcus faecalis and multi-bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomycesnaeslundii, Streptococcus gordonii). Root canal sealer containing DMADDM (0%, 1.25%, 2.5%) was used to complete root canal filling. The volume of lesions and inflammatory grade in the apical area were evaluated by cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Both Enterococcus-faecalis- and multi-bacteria-induced persistent AP caused severe apical destruction, and there were no significant differences in pathogenicity between them. DMADDM-modified sealer significantly reduced the volume of periapical lesion and inflammatory grade compared with the control group, among them, the therapeutic effect of the 2.5% group was better than the 1.25% group. In addition, E.faecalis-induced reinfection was more sensitive to the 2.5% group than multi-bacteria reinfection. This study shows that root canal sealer containing DMADDM had a remarkable therapeutic effect on persistent AP, especially on E. faecalis-induced reinfection.

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