Distribution of Chlorophyll in Coastal Borneo Island Using Modis Terra Satellite Data

Clorophyll is the colour pigment most common found in phytoplankton. Its concentration is one of the indicator of the high of productivity of aquatic area, especially in coastal area. Information of chlorophyll concentration and distribution is very important to determine the suitable location of marine aquaculture and prediction of fishing ground. The aims of this research were to: 1) find out and analyze the concentration of chlorophyll and its distribution in Borneo Island Indonesia and 2) the pattern of chlorophyll distribution for each provinces using modis terra data for five years (from January 2016 to December 2020) in monthly and annually data series. In addition, it used Seadas 7.5.3 for data visualization. The result of this research showed that the chlorophyll concentration ranged 0,045 – 20 mg/m3 and clorophyll distribution affected by the location that seen in all variation data series. In annually time series data, the highest value of concentration shown by west borneo province and central borneo province with the distribution area were larger as well. The distribution of chlorophyll in monthly data showed almost same with annually data time series. The difference was just in large area distribution. The pattern of chlorophyll distribution also showed that in the west Kalimantan and central Kalimantan area had the highest values.

CORAL REEF COVER RELATIONSHIP TO POMACENTRIDAE AND PHYTOPLANKTON CORAL FISH IN KASIAK ISLAND OF WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE

Kasiak Island is one of the islands located in the waters of Pariaman, West Sumatra, and located right in front of Pariaman City. Around the sea, the island is surrounded by coral reefs and is a protected area. In the aquatic area of Kasiak Island has never been conducted research on the relationship of coral reef cover to the coral Pomacentridae and phytoplankton. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on this matter in the waters of Kasiak Island, West Sumatra Province. Data collection of coral reef cover is done by the LIT (Line Intercept transect) method with a transect length of 50 meters at a depth of 5 meters using scuba equipment. Coral fish observation is done by UVC (Underwater Visual Census) method with a transect length of 50 meters and an observation area of 2.5 meters left and right at a depth of 5 meters. Phytoplankton sampling is conducted during the day at 11.00 to 15.00 WIB at five points of the station with a depth of 5 meters using Vandorn water sampler volume 2 L with a total take of 100 L, then filtered using Plankton net no 25 and inserted into a sample bottle of 125 ml, then preserved using Lugol 4% as much as 4-6 drops, after which analyzed in the laboratory. Based on the results there is a very strong relationship between coral cover to the abundance of coral fish, where coral cover contributes to the abundance of coral fish by 93.87%, which means that the higher the percentage of coral cover the more species and abundance of coral fish are found. Then the a strong relationship between coral reef cover and phytoplankton abundance, where coral reef cover contributes to the abundance of phytoplankton by 56.37%, which means an increase in the percentage of coral reef cover along with the increasing abundance of phytoplankton.

ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF LAKE NERO ACCORDING TO MATHEMATICAL MODELING. 1. NUTRIENT LOAD FROM THE CATCHMENT AREA

Reducing the external load is an uncontested method of reducing the rate of anthropogenic eutrophication of the lake, since the possibilities of real impact aimed at reducing the internal load over a large area are extremely limited. The purpose of this study is a quantitative assessment of the external load of nitrogen and phosphorus on Lake Nero from the drainage basin in modern conditions. The assessment of the nutrient load from the drainage area of Lake Nero was carried out according to the mathematical model of the formation of the nutrient load, developed at the Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The model is designed to solve problems related to the quantitative assessment of the external load on water bodies, formed by point and nonpoint sources of pollution, forecast of its change under the influence of possible anthropogenic and climatic changes, taking into account the influence of hydrological factors and the retention of nutrients by the catchment and the hydrographic network. It was found that the load on the aquatic area from the catchment is 51.5 t P / year and 585.5 t N / year, of which 36.0 t P / year (70% of the total load on the lake) and 176.5 t N / year (30%) go directly to lake from coastal settlements. Provided that the entire population is connected to treatment facilities and the introduction of best available technologies (BAT) for agriculture, according to a numerical experiment, the load will decrease by 23% for total phosphorus and 19% for total nitrogen.

ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF LAKE NERO ACCORDING TO MATHEMATICAL MODELING. 2. TWO-PHASE MASS TRANSFER IN THE WATER AREA

For the shallow Lake Nero, calculations of currents, sediment transport and the intensity of bottom reformation in various hydrometeorological situations were performed. The calculations were carried out using a two-dimensional model of currents and sediment transport in a shallow reservoir and an analytical formula for sediment discharge developed at the Institute of Limnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Numerical experiments have been carried out to assess the possible consequences of the implementation of two design solutions aimed at improving water exchange for the recovery of Lake Nero. According to the first decision, it was planned to excavate bottom sediments within the city limits of Rostov in order to increase the depths in the coastal zone of the lake. Calculations showed that for a section of the water area with a deep bottom, the current velocities decrease several times (in some areas, to zero values). The sediment rate will slightly increase directly in the deepening section due to the increase in the cross-sectional area of the flow. Therefor this event will not bring any positive effect. The second project proposal was to be aimed at increasing the transit capacity of the longitudinal section of the aquatic area from the mouth of the main tributary of Sara River to the inflow of Veksa River. Calculations have shown that an increase in depth along the indicated trajectory while maintaining the transferred amount of water masses will also lead to a decrease in the speed of currents. Based on the simulation, it can be concluded that the practical implementation of the presented design solutions will not lead to an improvement in water exchange in the lake, but also vice versa, will contribute to the formation of stagnant zones, especially for the first proposed design solution.

Digital construction of the signaling/ rescue system located in coastal aquatic areas

For signaling and rescue, at international level, modular systems made of composite structures are used, which ensure the maintaining at the water surface of them, in a fixed point, in any meteorological conditions etc. According to the diversity of activities carried out in the marine and/ or river sector and depending on them, worldwide signaling systems are applied: for the safety of navigation, for data recording and processing activities and for the marking of ecological protection areas (National Strategy for Sustainable Development of Romania 2030, 2017; La Depeche, 2014). For this last category, the signaling of the navigable channel is made in accordance with the "Basic Regulations for Navigation on the Danube" edited by the Danube Commission, 1991 edition, Budapest, while for the maritime buoyage system the IALA agreement is used, concluded in Paris, on the 15th April 1982 and involves the use of floats and buoys made of composite materials. The work aims to create a digital signaling/ rescue system applied in the coastal aquatic area (Council Regulation (EC) No. 509/2006; Decision No. 1600/2002/EC). In this respect, using FEM modelling, the geometric domain was defined, the composite structure of which the system is made was modeled, the structure with finite elements was generated (discretization, properties modelling, specific finite elements obtaining), the constraints and loads were modeled and finally, in the post-processing stage, the results (deformation, Von Mises stress, displacements) were visualized and studied

Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of the Drinking Water of the Aguégués Lake District in the Lower Ouémé Valley - Benin

Water is an essential resource for life on earth and is the source of several microbiological and toxicological diseases. The Aguégués one of the communes of the lower valley of Ouémé-Benin are very exposed to these type of diseases. Pathogens swarm in a highly polluted environment because of the peculiarity of this predominantly aquatic area. This is what justifies this research, which aims to assess the quality of drinking water for the populations of the Commune des Aguégués. The research technique focused on the field survey which made it possible to identify the different sources of water supply used by the population. Likewise, the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of these water sources has been determined. These research techniques have made it possible to discover that the population of Aguégués uses several sources of water. Apart from the recommended sources (National Water Company of Benin and Village Water Supply) the populations use other sources of water. These are rainwater consumed in the rainy season by 97% of the households surveyed, surface water used by 78.26% of the population, especially during flood periods for various uses. Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyzes have shown that apart from SONEB waters only available in the districts of Zoungamey and Houédomey, the other sources of water have parameters which do not comply with WHO standards. This justifies the prevalence of diarrheal diseases in the study environment, which represents the second cause of consultation in health centers.

FEATURES OF GEODECTIC NETWORKS DENSIFICATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF A RAILWAY BRIDGE CROSSING CONSTRUCTION ACROSS THE KERCHEN STRAIT

The geodetic center base for the construction of bridge structures is the basis of all measurement work. Often it is necessary to carry out the densification of the geodetic center base in compliance with the necessary accuracy of recoverable structures. In the process of geodesic control of the construction of a railway bridge on Section No. 3 of the channel between Tuzlinsky Spit and Tuzla Island, difficulties arose in bringing the project to life at all stages of the construction of a structure associated with the low density of geodetic center base points located in the aquatic area. Based on the above the geodesic service of the LLC “Bridge Bureau” carried out work on the concentration of the geodetic center at the construction site of the bridge crossing (the working bridge RM-1 - site No. 3), as well as taking into account: Section 4 of the joint venture 126.13330.2017 "Geodetic works in construction", GOST 21780-2006 "System for ensuring the accuracy of geometrical parameters in construction. Calculation of accuracy ", as well as SP 46.13330.2012" Bridges and pipes." An a priori assessment of the accuracy of the measurement results for each of the methods for monitoring the planning and altitude position of the condensation points was made. A combined approach to densification of the geodetic center base is suggested.

THE FEATURES OF THE COMBINED RECEIVER UNIT OPERATION ABOARD UNDERWATER GLIDER

При работе приемной системы на борту движущегося носителя возникает специфическая проблема уменьшения собственных шумов носителя, уровень которых зависит от типа приемной системы и алгоритмов обработки сигналов. В настоящей работе рассматриваются особенности работы комбинированного приемника на борту подводного планера (глайдера) в собственных шумах обтекания, которые возникают при изменении горизонта позиционирования глайдера. Предложено полное описание энергетической структуры звукового поля, включающее 16 информативных параметров. В их число входят квадрат звукового давления, компоненты комплексного вектора интенсивности, компоненты вещественного ротора вектора интенсивности и квадратичные компоненты комплексного вектора градиента давления. Приводятся результаты натурного эксперимента, выполненного в мелком море, в котором глайдер, оснащенный комбинированным приемником, периодически изменял горизонт позиционирования в режиме погружение – всплытие. Анализируются в сравнительном плане уровни шумов обтекания на выходе канала звукового давления и на выходе векторных каналов при различном определении информативных параметров, характеризующих звуковое поле в скалярно-векторном описании. Приводятся оценки уровня шумов обтекания, подтверждающие преимущества комбинированного приемника в сравнении с гидрофоном при его работе в составе бортовой приемной системы в ближнем поле собственных шумов обтекания. Рассматриваются особенности работы комбинированного приемника на борту подводного планера (глайдера) в собственных шумах обтекания, которые возникают при изменении горизонта позиционирования глайдера. Анализируются в сравнительном плане уровни шумов обтекания на выходе канала звукового давления и на выходе векторных каналов при различном определении информативных параметров, характеризующих звуковое поле в скалярно-векторном описании. Приводятся результаты натурного эксперимента, подтверждающие преимущества комбинированного приемника в сравнении с гидрофоном при его работе в составе бортовой приемной системы в ближнем поле собственных шумов обтекания. While operating aboard moving carrier, the receiver system faces a specific problem of reducing self-noises of the carrier, the magnitude of which depends on the type of receiver system and algorithms of signal processing. The present work considers the features of the combined receiver unit operation aboard underwater glider in self-generated flow noises, originated when the glider positioning horizon is changed. The complete description of the energetic structure of the sound field, including 16 informative parameters, is proposed. The list of parameters includes sound pressure squared, components of the complex intensity vector, components of the real curl of an intensity vector, and quadratic components of the complex vector of the pressure gradient. The theoretical background is supported by the results of the marine trials conducted in the shallow aquatic area. In it, the underwater glider equipped with the combined receiver unit sequentially changed the positioning horizon in the “submerging-emerging” mode. The levels of flow noise on the output of the sound pressure channel and the output of the vector channel are comparatively analyzed for different determinations of informative parameters, characterizing the sound field in the scalar-vector description. The presented estimates of flow noises levels confirm the advantages of a combined receiver unit compared to a hydrophone while operating as a part of the on-board receiver system in a near field on self-generated flow noises.

A USE OF HYDROPHISICAL RESEARCH COMPLEX IN FULL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS ON THE SHELF OF THE SEA OF JAPAN

Осенью 2019 года на шельфе Японского моря в заливе Петра Великого проводился комплексный натурный эксперимент с целью изучения влияния внутренних волн на распространение сложных низкочастотных сигналов. Экспериментальные работы проводились с помощью нового гидрофизического исследовательского комплекса. В состав комплекса входили: вертикальная 8-элементная приемная антенна, автономная широкополосная излучающая станция, многоэлементные термогирлянды и регистраторы гидростатического давления. В течение суток проводились излучение и прием пакетов различных ЛЧМ и фазоманипулированных сигналов с одновременным измерением характеристик поля внутренних волн по трассе распространения. В ходе выполнения натурного эксперимента были подтверждены технические характеристики гидрофизического исследовательского комплекса и получен опыт проведения комплексных океанологических экспериментов. Выявлены различия в использовании линейных частотно модулированных и псевдослучайных фазоманипулированных сигналов, показано характерное на данной акватории, влияние гидрологических возмущений на распространение акустических сигналов. Осенью 2019 года на шельфе Японского моря в заливе Петра Великого проводилось экспериментальное тестирование гидрофизического исследовательского комплекса. Изучалось влияния внутренних волн на распространение сложных низкочастотных сигналов. В ходе выполнения натурного эксперимента были подтверждены технические характеристики гидрофизического исследовательского комплекса. Выявлены различия в использовании линейных частотно-модулированных и псевдослучайных фазоманипулированных сигналов, показано характерное на данной акватории влияние гидрологических возмущений на распространение акустических сигналов. Fall 2019, a full-scale integrated experiment took place on the shelf of the Sea of Japan in Peter the Great Bay. It was aimed at studying the influence of internal waves on the propagation of complex low-frequency signals. Experimental works were performed using novel hydrophysical research complex. It consists of the vertical 8-element receiving antenna, autonomous wideband transmitting station, multi-element thermo-strings, and hydrostatic pressure recorder. Within 24 hours, packets of different signals with linear frequency modulation and phase-shift keying were emitted and recorded with simultaneous measurements of characteristics of the internal waves field along the propagation path. During experiments, the technical parameters of the hydrophysical research complex were verified, and some experience of performing integrated oceanological experiments were obtained. Differences in the usage of linear frequency modulated and phase-shift keyed signals were found. The influence of hydrological interference on underwater acoustic signals propagation typical for the aquatic area was demonstrated.

STUDIES OF THE AVIFAUNA IN URBAN LIMITS OF AJMER, RAJASTHAN, INDIA

The urban sprawls are common in the present age. The urban biodiversity conservation is a challenge for the urban planners. The habitats formed within the green and blue spaces are home for the wide variety of floral and faunal diversity. In the series of the conservation actions, the present investigation was undertaken in the urban areas of the central Rajasthan, i.e., Ajmer. It aimed to review and prepare comprehensive database through assessment of the avifaunal species of the municipal area of Ajmer. The seasonal surveys and periodic sampling observations were recorded for twenty-four months from February 2017 to January 2019. The urban area was classified into three regions namely, the Urban Green Patches (UGP), Urban Aquatic Area (UAA) and Human Settlement Area (HSA). The UGA & HSA harbored 104 species and 41 species respectively whereas the UAA harbored 95 species. The Relative Diversity Index of the various species was calculated. The present investigation recorded 167 species from 58 families. With the earlier studies with a reporting of 235 species from 62 families, there was addition of 13 new species and two families. Thus, the cumulative list of Ajmer District presented an account of 243 bird species from 64 families.