Data transformations when constructing a composite system quality index

The features of the data distribution can significantly affect the composite characteristics of objects, so composite indexes of objects must necessarily take into account the features of the data. Some types of data are characterized by distributions with a significant anomaly, when the vast majority of observations are concentrated near the boundary values. This type of data cannot always be characterized by an asymmetry coefficient. In addition, if the values of a variable are approximately symmetric with respect to zero or are concentrated near zero, the sample cannot also be characterized by the coefficient of variation. The paper proposes a transformation that allows us to identify the anomalous nature of variables using the signal-to-noise ratio. Variables are evaluated in the standard range, which is shifted to the right relative to zero. If it is necessary to logarithm, such a transformation will avoid the pressure of small values of variables that, after direct logarithm, would have large negative values. The application of logarithmic correction for the detected anomalous variables redistributes the values of the obtained weighting coefficients in the direction of a more correct interpretation and, in particular, solves the problem with the negativity of the weighting coefficients.

Automatic Building Detection with Polygonizing and Attribute Extraction from High-Resolution Images

Buildings can be introduced as a fundamental element for forming a city. Therefore, up-to-date building maps have become vital for many applications, including urban mapping and urban expansion analysis. With the development of deep learning, segmenting building footprints from high-resolution remote sensing imagery has become a subject of intense study. Here, a modified version of the U-Net architecture with a combination of pre- and post-processing techniques was developed to extract building footprints from high-resolution aerial imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. Data pre-processing with the logarithmic correction image enhancing algorithm showed the most significant improvement in the building detection accuracy for aerial images; meanwhile, the CLAHE algorithm improved the most concerning UAV images. This study developed a post-processing technique using polygonizing and polygon smoothing called the Douglas–Peucker algorithm, which made the building output directly ready to use for different applications. The attribute information, land use data, and population count data were applied using two open datasets. In addition, the building area and perimeter of each building were calculated as geometric attributes.

Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet Gravity with Nonlinear Electrodynamics: Entropy, Energy Emission, Quasinormal Modes and Deflection Angle

The logarithmic correction to Bekenshtein–Hawking entropy in the framework of 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics is obtained. We explore the black hole solution with the spherically symmetric metric. The logarithmic term in the entropy has a structure similar to the entropy correction in the semi-classical Einstein equations. The energy emission rate of black holes and energy conditions are studied. The quasinormal modes of a test scalar field are investigated. The gravitational lensing of light around BHs was studied. We calculated the deflection angle for some model parameters.

Evaluation of CFOSAT Scatterometer Wind Data in Global Oceans

The China-France Oceanography SATellite (CFOSAT), launched on 29 October 2018, is a joint mission developed by China and France. To evaluate the CFOSAT wind product, L2B swath data with a spatial resolution of 25 × 25 km were compared with in situ measurements between December 2018 and December 2020. The in situ measurements were collected from 217 buoys. All buoy winds were adjusted to 10 m height using a simple logarithmic correction method. The temporal and spatial separations between the CFOSAT and in situ measurements were restricted to less than 30 min and 0.25°. The results indicate that the CFOSAT wind retrievals agree well with the buoy measurements. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) of wind vectors were 1.39 m s−1 and 34.32° and negligible biases were found. In the near shore under rain-free conditions, the RMSEs were enhanced to 1.42 m s−1 and 33.43°. Similarly, the RMSEs were reduced to 1.16 m s−1 and 30.41° offshore after the rain effect was removed. After winds less than 4 m s−1 were removed, the RMSE of wind directions was reduced to 19.69°. The effects of significant wave height, air-sea temperature difference, sea surface temperature, atmospheric pressure and ocean surface current on the wind residuals were assessed. The performance of wind retrievals under the passage of tropical cyclones was evaluated. The evaluation results show that the CFOSAT wind retrievals satisfy the accuracy requirements of scientific research, although some improvements are needed to enhance the performance.

Logarithmic corrections to black hole entropy in matter coupled $$ \mathcal{N} $$ ≥ 1 Einstein-Maxwell supergravity

We calculate the first three Seeley-DeWitt coefficients for fluctuation of the massless fields of a $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 Einstein-Maxwell supergravity theory (EMSGT) distributed into different multiplets in d = 4 space-time dimensions. By utilizing the Seeley-DeWitt data in the quantum entropy function formalism, we then obtain the logarithmic correction contribution of individual multiplets to the entropy of extremal Kerr-Newman family of black holes. Our results allow us to find the logarithmic entropy corrections for the extremal black holes in a fully matter coupled $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2, d = 4 EMSGT, in a particular class of $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 1, d = 4 EMSGT as consistent decomposition of $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 multiplets ($$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 → $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 1) and in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N ≥ 3, d = 4 EMSGTs by decomposing them into $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2 multiplets ($$ \mathcal{N} $$ N ≥ 3 → $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = 2). For completeness, we also obtain logarithmic entropy correction results for the non-extremal Kerr-Newman black holes in the matter coupled $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N ≥ 1, d = 4 EMSGTs by employing the same Seeley-DeWitt data into a different Euclidean gravity approach developed in [17].

4D Einstein - Gauss - Bonnet Gravity with Nonlinear Electrodynamics: Entropy, Energy Emission, Quasinormal Modes and Deflection Angle

The logarithmic correction to Bekenshtein$-$Hawking entropy in the framework of 4D Einstein - Gauss - Bonnet gravity coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics is obtained. We explore the black hole solution with the spherically symmetric metric. The logarithmic term in the entropy has a structure similar to the entropy correction in the semi-classical Einstein equations which mimics the quantum correction to the area low. The energy emission rate of black holes and energy conditions are studied. The quasinormal modes of a test scalar field are investigated. The gravitational lensing of light around BHs was studied. We calculated the deflection angle for some model parameters.

$$ T\overline{T} $$ Deformation of stress-tensor correlators from random geometry

We study stress-tensor correlators in the $$ T\overline{T} $$ T T ¯ -deformed conformal field theories in two dimensions. Using the random geometry approach to the $$ T\overline{T} $$ T T ¯ deformation, we develop a geometrical method to compute stress-tensor correlators. More specifically, we derive the $$ T\overline{T} $$ T T ¯ deformation to the Polyakov-Liouville conformal anomaly action and calculate three and four-point correlators to the first-order in the $$ T\overline{T} $$ T T ¯ deformation from the deformed Polyakov-Liouville action. The results are checked against the standard conformal perturbation theory computation and we further check consistency with the $$ T\overline{T} $$ T T ¯ -deformed operator product expansions of the stress tensor. A salient feature of the $$ T\overline{T} $$ T T ¯ -deformed stress-tensor correlators is a logarithmic correction that is absent in two and three-point functions but starts appearing in a four-point function.

Logarithmic corrections to Newtonian gravity and large scale structure

Effects from nonstandard corrections to Newtonian gravity, at large scale, can be investigated using the cosmological structure formation. In particular, it is possible to show if and how a logarithmic correction (as that induced from nonlocal gravity) modifies the clustering properties of galaxies and of clusters of galaxies. The thermodynamics of such systems can be used to obtain important information about the effects of such modification on clustering. We will compare its effects with observational data and it will be demonstrated that the observations seem to point to a characteristic scale where such a logarithmic correction might be in play at galactic scales. However, at larger scales such statistical inferences are much weaker, so that a fully reliable statistical evidence for this kind of corrections cannot be stated without further investigations and the use of more varied and precise cosmological and astrophysical probes.

4d Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity With Nonlinear Electrodynamics: Entropy, Energy Emission, Quasinormal Modes and Deflection Angle

The logarithmic correction to Bekenshtein-Hawking entropy in the framework of 4D Einstein$-$Gauss$-$Bonnet gravity coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics is obtained. We explore the black hole solution with the spherically symmetric metric. The logarithmic term in the entropy has a structure similar to the entropy correction in the semi-classical Einstein equations which mimics the quantum correction to the area low. The energy emission rate of black holes and energy conditions are studied. Quasinormal modes of black holes are investigated. The gravitational lensing of light around BHs was investigated. We calculated the deflection angle for some model parameters.