Blockchain and Green Networking Analytics in 5G Networks and Beyond

The objective of green networking is to minimize greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining the same level of performance. Green networking refers to all processes used to optimize networking and inter-networking functions to make it more energy efficient. Green networking concepts can be extended to cover any method that reduces latency, save bandwidth, and/or decrease computation time, as a reduction in these factors invariably leads to power savings. These savings can directly translate into lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reduce computing's carbon footprint and its impact on the environment. Energy-awareness is critical in the networking infrastructure, especially in wireless 5G networks and beyond. Research on blockchain for 5G wireless networks is still in its infancy. But it is obvious that blockchain will significantly uplift the shape and experience of future mobile applications and services. Identifying the green networking analytics will lead to sustainable energy policy planning for the future.

Network Coding- Based Energy-Efficient Geographic Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks Using XOR

Energy awareness is an essential design issue in wireless sensor network. Therefore, attention must be given to the routing protocols since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. It is desired to design the energy efficient routing protocols to conserve the power supply of sensor node and prolong its lifetime. In this paper Network Coding-Energy efficient geographic routing protocol (NC-EGRPM) in Wireless Sensor network is an energy efficient scheme which prolong the network life time using the mobile sinks. These algorithms focus on the efficiency of network coding, which could be adoptive, flexible, and intelligent enough to distribute the load among the sensor nodes that can enhance the network lifetime. By using NC (Network Coding), we propose an energy efficienct algorithm to handle uncertain level decision better than other models. We also use the concept of XOR encoding and decoding as a mechanism not only for enhancing energy efficiency but also for reducing the end-to-end-delay. XOR-based coding works on a hop-by-hop basis, i.e. packets encoded by a node are decoded by its neighbouring nodes. The idea is that each node v can combine packets using bitwise XOR operations in order to produce an encoded packet. We are implementing our proposed work using NS2 and measure its performance. Keywords: Network coding, XOR, NS2, WSN

Cluster-based Status Aware routing Mechanism for MANETs to Extend the performance

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANETs) is a wireless infrastructure less network consist of mobile nodes distributed in radio communication area. The network allows its users to free to move i.e., enter anytime as well as leave the network anytime. Characteristics of network are cost effective, time effective, and self-forming. Application of network are military communication, disaster relief, and medical. Thus, communication information is very sensitive, and suitable protocol is needed to enable effective communication. One of the approaches to solve the effective communication is clustering. In this paper we propose a clustering in MANETs based on the current-status. The proposed work performance is evaluated with NS2 simulator, and results are compared with existing cluster-based mechanisms. The results show that the proposed work performance is good in terms of packet delivery, energy awareness, and delay.

Why Low-Carbon Publicity Effect Limits? The Role of Heterogeneous Intention in Reducing Household Energy Consumption

Low-carbon knowledge is seen as having a key role in interfering with household energy consumption behaviors by wide consensus from political and academic areas. Whether low-carbon publicity will help to reduce household energy consumption is still in dispute. By constructing an integrated knowledge-intention-behavior model and using 1335 detailed survey questionnaires of household energy behavior in Henan Province, the central area in China, this paper finds that in the developing area low-carbon knowledge or publicity cannot positively impact household energy-saving behavior even if mediated by energy awareness and energy-saving attitudes. Low-carbon knowledge does improve energy-saving attitude and attitude does not decrease household energy consumption directly. Familiarity with particular energy-saving knowledge would decrease the household energy consumption but not significantly in the statistics. Path analysis unfolds the reason that the heterogeneous effects of purchase-based intention and habitual intention explain energy consumption behavior. Subgroup analysis supports those economic factors of income and energy prices play key roles in explaining such household energy consumption behavior in the rapid urbanization area. This paper gives new evidence on the residential energy-saving behavior intervention among developing areas.

A new narrative for sustainability: Exploring biogas plants as ‘first movers’ in raising energy awareness

It is not only worth talking about the chances of survival in the fight against emerging environmental and socio-economic threats, but it is necessary to use all possible means to influence public awareness. It is awareness that shapes our attitudes and literacy. The core of these tools is cross-sectoral place-based education. This raises the question of the role of new energy actors in the education process. As ‘first movers’, they have enormous power in the local community. Are they therefore merely energy producers, or perhaps, using their position, are they actively involved in creating local energy behaviours? A combination of social research methods including qualitative studies helped respond to this question. As the study shows, an opportunity for effective education is contextualisation, embedding educators in the local social structure and including first movers – energy producers – in this process. Biogas entrepreneurs transpose the knowledge of renewable energy – a globally known issue – to the local level. The provision of comprehensive education requires institutional support focused on building partnerships between policy makers, teachers and practitioners, enabling not only trans-sectoral contact but also the exchange of experience.