Morus alba Prevented the Cyclophosphamide Induced Somatic and Germinal Cell Damage in Male Rats by Ameliorating the Antioxidant Enzyme Levels

Cytogenetic analysis is essential to determine the effect of mutagens and antimutagens on genetic material. This study was done to evaluate the protective effect of root bark extract of Morus alba (M. alba) against cyclophosphamide induced somatic and germinal cell damage in male rats. The ethanolic extract of M. alba (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg, 2 weeks) was evaluated against cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg, single dose) induced nuclear damage. The sampling was done after 48 h of the clastogen treatment. The somatic and germinal nuclear damage was studied by bone marrow micronucleus and sperm analysis, respectively. Serum superoxide and catalase levels were estimated to determine the antioxidant status in each group. The results were analyzed statistically to find the significant variation. The administration of M. alba for 2 weeks suppressed dose-dependently the changes induced by cyclophosphamide. M. alba (0.5 g/kg) decreased the frequency of micronucleated erythrocyte, sperm shape abnormality and enhanced the sperm count, sperm motility and polychromatic-normochromatic erythrocytes ratio significantly (p < 0.05) in comparison with the cyclophosphamide treated group. The highest tested dose of M. alba (1 g/kg) produced more prominent suppression (p < 0.01) in the cyclophosphamide-induced somatic and germinal cell defects. The results also showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the serum antioxidant enzymes levels with M. alba when compared with the challenge group. The lower dose of M. alba extract (0.25 g/kg) prevented the CP-induced changes but was found to be statistically insignificant. Therefore, antimutagenic potential of the high dose of the extract of M. alba is possibly due to its antioxidant nature. The ability of the M. alba extract to prevent the nuclear damage could play an important role in overcoming several mutational defects that are associated with anticancer chemotherapy.

Inhibitory Effect of Dry Garlic Powder on the Nickel Chloride-induced Somatic and Germinal Cell Damages in Male Mice

Background: Nickel is commonly used in industry, utensils and also present in cigarette. Over-exposure of nickel is known to cause several health complications including somatic and germinal cell injuries. Garlic (Allium sativum) being a spice has several pharmacological properties. However, its role on the nickel chloride induced somatic and reproductive cells damages are poorly studied in the literature. Objective: To evaluate the effect of garlic powder on nickel chloride induced somatic and germinal cell damages in male mice. Methods: Dried garlic clove powder is used in this study in three doses via., 50. 100 and 150 mg/kg, per oral (p.o) for 4-weeks against the nickel chloride [(10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p)] induced somatic and germinal damages. Somatic cells damages were studied using peripheral micronucleus test and germinal cell damages by sperm count and sperm shape abnormalities in male mice. Further, the in-vitro hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the garlic was evaluated. Ascorbic acid was tested as a standard drug. The data of the results were analyzed by One-way Anova and Tukey as post hoc test. Results: The result indicated that nickel chloride enhanced significantly (p<0.001) both somatic and germinal cell damages compared to control animals. The administration of garlic powder at 150 mg/kg significantly (p<0.001) minimized the frequency of micronuclei in the erythrocytes and reduced the spermatozoa anomalies compared to the nickel chloride group. The garlic powder also exhibited significant hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. Conclusion: The data indicated that garlic powder at 150 mg/kg reduced the cellular damaging effects of nickel chloride on somatic and germinal cells and the mechanism could be related to the free radical scavenging activity.

Spermatogenesis Mencit (Mus musculus, L.) Pasca Pemberian Ekstrak Brotowali (Tinospora crispa, L.)

ABSTRAKBrotowali (Tinospora crispa, L.) merupakan tumbuhan yang mengandung senyawa yang tergolong dalam kelompok antifertilitas diantaranya golongan glikosida, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan tanin. Kelompok senyawa tersebut dapat memberikan efek sitotoksik pada reproduksi jantan dengan mengganggu metabolisme sel germinal dan sel spermatogenik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui spermatogenesis mencit pasca diberikan ekstrak brotowali. Sebanyak 20 ekor mencit jantan berat 30-40 gr, berumur 2-3 bulan dibagi 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu; K1 kontrol positif (aquades), K2 kontrol negatif (Na CMC 0,5% ), K3 (0,05 g/g bb), K4 (0,06 g/g bb), dan K5 (0,07 g/g bb) ekstrak brotowali. Ekstrak diberikan secara oral setiap hari selama 34 hari. Pada hari ke-35 mencit dikorbankan dengan kloroform selanjutnya pengambilan organ testis untuk dibuat preparat mikroanatomi. Data dianalisis dengan ANOVA dan uji BNT (α=0,05%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak tumbuhan brotowali secara signifikan mengganggu proses spermatogenesis mencit dengan menurunkan jumlah sel spermatogonium, spermatosit primer, sel spermatid dan kepadatan spermatozoa. Penurunan jumlah sel-sel spermatogenik dalam penelitian ini terbanyak pada perlakuan K5 untuk semua kelompok, dengan jumlah spermatogonium (28,5), dengan jumlah spermatosit primer (33,3), dengan jumlah spermatid (69,4) dan kepadatan spermatozoa (1,19). Kata kunci : Ekstrak, Tinospora crispa, L., Spermatogenesis, Mencit ABSTRACTBrotowali (Tinospora crispa, L.) is a plant that contains compounds belonging to the antifertility group including glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. This group of compounds can provide cytotoxic effects on male reproduction by disrupting germinal cell metabolism and spermatogenic cellsThe aim of this study was to know the effect of extracts Tinospora crispa, L. on spermatogenesis of mice (Mus musculus, L.). The male mice were used 20 with weight 30-40 g, aged 2-3 months, and were treated in 5 groups i.e. K1 : positive control (aquadest), K2 : negative control (Na CMC 0.5%), K3 (0.05 g/g bb), K4 : (0.06 g/g bb), and K5 (0.07 g/g bb) extracts of brotowali. The extracts were given orally during 34day. At the 35th the weight of mice werw counted and then sacrificed with chloroform, and the testis were collected to make microanatomy. The data were analyzed with ANOVA (Analysis of Varience) and t-Test (α = 0,05%). The results showed that the treatments with brotowali extracts obstructed spermatogenesis process and reduced the amount of spermatogonium cells, primary spermatocyt, spermatide cells and density of spermatozoa with increasing dosage of brotowali extracts. The decreasing of spermatogenic cells were observed in dosage of K5 with spermatogonium cells (28,5), the amount primary spermatocyte (33,3), the amount of spermatide (69,4) and the density of spermatozoa (1,19).Key word : Extracts, Tinospora crispa, L., Spermatogenesis, Mice

Gambaran jenis kanker ovarium di RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado periode Januari 2013 - Desember 2015

Ovarian cancer is a primary malignancy process of the ovary. This disease is commonly found in woman at post-menopausal age. The causes of ovarian cancer are still unclear. The majority of ovarian cancer are ephitelial cell originated from ovarian ephitelial cells. Another group is non-ephitelial cells that include germinal tumor cell and sex cord-stromal tumor cell. This study was aimed to describe types of ovarian cancer at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. This was a descriptive retrospective study using data of ovarian cancer patients’ medical records. There were 95 patients with ovarium cancer in the medical records from January 2013 to December 2015. The majority cases were woman aged ≥51 years, BMI 18.5-24.9, and multipara (P≥1). Conclusion: Ephitelial cell ovarian cancer was the most dominant type followed by germinal cell ovarian cancer.Keywords: ovarian cancer Abstrak: Kanker ovarium adalah proses keganasan primer yang terjadi pada ovarium. Penyakit ini umumnya dijumpai pada wanita usia pasca menopause dengan penyebab belum jelas. Mayoritas kanker ovarium ialah jenis sel epitelial. Kelompok lainnya ialah non epitelial, termasuk di antaranya sel tumor germinal dan sel tumor sex cord-stromal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran jenis kanker ovarium di RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian deskriptif retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medik pasien kanker ovarium. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan 95 orang penderita kanker ovarium periode Januari 2013-Desember 2015 yang memiliki rekam medik. Kejadian terbanyak pada wanita dengan usia ≥51 tahun, IMT 18,5-24,9, multipara (P≥1) dan stadium IIIC. Kanker ovarium epitelial merupakan jenis terbanyak, disusul dengan jenis germinal. Kata kunci: kanker ovarium