Advocating a statistical definition for the BRDF

The definition of BRDF as a ratio of radiance to irradiance assumes that the geometrical optics framework applies, implicitly meaning that spatial coherence and diffraction of light have no significant effect in the reflection process. However, recent applications of BRDF push at increasing the angular resolution and thus at reducing the solid angles for illumination and collection. Therefore speckle, an optical effect inherent to the stochastic nature of scattering objects, becomes apparent. We suggest that BRDF should be redefined as the statistical average over that effect.

Numerical-statistical study of the prognostic efficiency of the SEIR model

A comparative analysis of the differential and the corresponding stochastic Poisson SEIR-models is performed for the test problem of COVID-19 epidemic in Novosibirsk modelling the period from March 23, 2020 to June 21, 2020 with the initial population N = 2 798 170. Varying the initial population in the form N = n m with m ⩾ 2, we show that the average numbers of identified sick patients is less (beginning from April 7, 2020) than the corresponding differential values by the quantity that does not differ statistically from C(t)/m, with C ≈ 27.3 on June 21, 2020. This relationship allows us to use the stochastic model for big population N. The practically useful ‘two sigma’ confidential interval for the time interval from June 1, 2020 to June 21, 2020 is about 108% (as to the statistical average) and involves the corresponding real statistical estimates. The influence of the introduction of delay on the prognosis, i.e., the incubation period corresponding to Poisson model is also studied.

The Mark of Villainy

Why is it often so easy to identify the villain in a movie just by the way they look? Visual narratives exploit a mechanism that generates aversion towards people who look different. Being “different” by definition is in relation to a statistical norm, whether the difference concerns body size, skin color, hair styles, gender, visible physical disabilities, or facial anomalies. We often associate unattractive faces or faces with anomalies with poor character or negative personality traits. The evidence that most people harbor (implicit) biases against others who visibly differ from the norm is overwhelming, while people who approximate a statistical average within a population are regarded as beautiful and morally good. While we do not yet understand the (neuro-)biological and cognitive bases of these stereotypes, some recent neuroimaging evidence suggests that people not only pay greater attention to faces with anomalies but also simultaneously inhibit social and emotional responses.

A computational experimental of noise suppressing technique stand on hard decision threshold dissimilarity

Due to the extreme insistence for digital image processing, plentiful modern noise suppressing techniques are embodied of dissimilarity process and suppressing process. One of the extreme capability dissimilarity is hard decision threshold (HDT) dissimilarity, which has been recently declared in 2012, for suppressing the impulsive noisy photographs thus the computer experimental statement attempts to investigate the capability of the noise suppressing technique that is stand on HDT dissimilarity for the processed photographs, which are corrupted by fixed-intensity impulse noise (FIIN). This paper proposes the noise suppressing technique stand on HDT dissimilarity for FIIN. There are 3 primary contributions of this paper. The first contribution is the statistical average of the HDT dissimilarity of noise-free elements, which are computed from plentiful ground-truth photographs by varying window size for the best HDT window size. The second contribution is the statistical average of the HDT dissimilarity of corrupted elements, which are computed from plentiful corrupted photographs by varying outlier density for the best HDT window size. The final contribution is the statistical interrelation of the capability of the noise suppressing technique and hard consistent of HDT dissimilarity are investigated by varying the outlier denseness for the best HDT hard consistence.

Effective Deformations of Peristatic Random Structure Bar Subjected to Inhomogeneous Body-Forces

A statistically homogeneous random bar with the bond-based peridynamic properties of constituents is considered for a static case. Estimation of effective properties for the random structure peridynamic composites can be considered as a straightforward generalisation of the corresponding classical results for locally elastic composites which were obtained for both statistically homogeneous composites and homogeneous remote loading. In such a case the effective properties of both the peri-dynamic composites and locally elastic ones are described by a constant tensor of local stifness. However, even for locally elastic composites subjected to inhomogeneous loading, the effective deformations are described by a nonlocal (either the differential or integral) operator relaiting a statistical average of stresses in the point with a statistical average of strains in the vicinity of the point being considered. On the other hand, to the best authors’ knowledge, there are no academic publications analyzing the mentioned effective deformations of locally elastic composites due to prescribed inhomogeneous body-forces. Thus, the current paper deducated to the estimation of effective deformatiobs of 1D statistically homogeneous peridynamic composite bar for the prescribed self equilibrated body-forces has no known locally elastic counterpart. A sabsequent simplification is described by the dilute approximation method assuming coinsidence of the effective field (acting on the inclusions) with the applied field when interaction of inclusions is neglegible. The method is based on estimation of a perturbator introduced by one inclusion that is, in fact, the solutions of the basic problem for one inclusion inside the infinite peristatic matrix subjected to the body-force. The statistical averages of both the displacement and stresses are estimated by summation of these perturbators for all possible location of inclusions.

TYPOLOGY OF TOURIST GUIDES AND ITS USE IN TITLES

Purpose. Developing the typology of the genre of tourist guides as a tool for adequate, precise publication titulary. Method. Paging and diagnosing studies revealed the existence of guides without precise titles. To assess the scale of this phenomenon, a collection of 99 pieces of tourist guides from 1989-2009 gathered in a random manner was prepared. Empirical research of this collection was undertaken. Representativeness of the sample was considered sufficient in connection with ensuring territorial, chronological and species-related homogeneity. Statistical methods and techniques were used: statistical average of the occurrence of selected characteristics of the titulary in order to derive qualitative conclusions taken into account during the creation of the typology. Findings. The concept of multicriterial typology of the genre along with the definition of a tourist guide, as the basis for the new standards of tourist guide titles. Research and conclusions limitations. The research concerned Polish guides. Defining the guide and typology requires further research of the guide's empirical reception for corrections resulting from new trends in tourism. Practical implications. Typologies may be used by entities present in the publishing or library classifications. Adequate to the content of the multicriteria, titulary may help authors. The examples of the use of typology in constructing a hypothetical title of the guide are shown. Originality. A large number of examined guides. It is not without significance that the recipients understand the intentions of the author. So far, no such research topic has been undertaken. No tool was proposed to solve the titulary adequacy in relation to the contents of the guides. Type of paper. Article discussing the concept of typology supported by empirical research with examples of its application.

The quasi-global geographical distribution of precipitation system scale

<p>The scale of precipitation systems can provide important information to acquire a better understanding of formation mechanism and environmental effects of precipitation as well as model promotion. However, the global geographical distribution of precipitation system scale remains poorly known from previous studies. This study uses the latest Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) data to get global patterns of precipitation system scale by grouping the contiguous rainy gridboxes during 2015-2018. Our results show that the large precipitation systems (>10<sup>3</sup> km) occur more frequently over ocean and the midlatitude land areas with low precipitation amount such as Siberia as well as the western and central parts of North America. The most apparent seasonal variation of precipitation system scale occurs over midlatitude ocean along with the northern and southern coast of South America. Most regions of the world have the highest peak in the late afternoon at around 17:00 local time (LT). In a statistical average, the relationships between scale and other precipitation properties including amount, frequency, intensity and duration all seem to be positive. The strongest associations of scale with amount, frequency, intensity and duration all occur over tropics and ocean with the highest correlation coefficient greater than 0.8.</p>

Toxicity of the macerated of white and purple jurubeba flowers about bees Apismelliferas in sertao paraibano - Brazil

There are secondary components of the nectar or the pollen in some vegetal species, to can be toxics or repellentsfor their pollinators. Thus, this work had for objective to study the effects from toxicity of differents concentrationsof macerated flowers of purpleJurubebaandwhite Jurubeba, as feeding of Africanized bees in a controlled environment.Therefore, wererealizedbioassays at the Laboratory of Entomology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Campus ofPombal.It was used dried and crushed flowers of the Chamber and leaddy. The powder of the flowers was weighed in three different fractions (0,25%, 0,50% e 1,0%) and added to the candyandwater. The newly emerged workers were distributed togetherof 20 insects for wood boxmeasuring 11cm in length by 11cm in width and 7cm in height, in three replicates and control, making up 12 boxes and 240 worker bees, were packaged in B. O. D with temperature adjusted to 32º C andhumidity of 70 %. The control group received only candy and water. In view of the results obtained with the research, observed that the bees of the control remained alive until the 25 days reaching a statistical average of 20 days and for those treated with 0,25%, 0,50% e 1,0% respectively, presented mortality in the 20th, 18th e 13th day for bees fed with Solanum paniculatum L.For bees fed Solanum albidum Dun, observed that the bees of the control remain alive up to the 21 days reaching a statistical average of 18 days and for those treated with 0,25%, 0,50% and 1,0% respectively, presented mortality in the 17th, 13th e 12th day.The data analysis showed statistically significant differences between treatments and control, suggesting the toxic effect of the macerate obtained from Solanum paniculatum LandSolanum albidum Dunfor Africanized bees workersApismellifera. Thus, can be concluded with the accomplishment of this work that:The bees control remained alive until the 25thand 21th dayrespectively, by treatments with Solanum paniculatum L.andSolanum albidum Dun; The treated beeswith the concentrations 0,25%, 0,50% and 1,0% of macerated flowers Solanum paniculatum L, respectively, presented mortality to the 20th, 18thand 13thday; The treated bees with the concentrations 0,25%, 0,50% and 1,0% of macerated flowers Solanum albidum Dun, respectively, presented mortality to the 17th, 13thand 12th day; Flowers of Solanum paniculatum L. andSolanum albidum Dunpresented toxicity to Apismelíferaunder controlled ambient conditions

Critique, participation et démocratie

The problem of interdependence is crucial for understanding the climate, with its interactions between land, water, and atmosphere, as well as with human activities, past and future. The concept of interdependence expresses two types of relationship, that of causality and that of responsibility. For the problems of climate governance as understood as a statistical average in the Conferences of the parties (COP), causal dependence is impossible to reconstruct precisely, notably because of the complexity of these phenomena. However, dependence does not only concern the domain of being, falling within the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the human descriptive predictive. It also concerns the ought-to-be and therefore the normative sciences (ethics, political theory, law, and normative economy). Here interdependence is much more problematic since it is opposed to freedom. This article discusses the various interdependencies and political solutions that are offered to take care of this needs, architectures for discussing climate change politically: systems (N. Luhmann) and deliberation (J. Habermas). It then proposes another solution, that of moral and political consideration.