The Selective Dopamine D2 Blocker Sulpiride Modulates the Relationship Between Agentic Extraversion and Executive Functions

Initial studies suggest that agentic extraversion and executive functions (EF) are associated, because they share influences of individual differences in the dopamine (DA) system. However, it is unclear whether previously reported associations are specific to certain EFs (e.g., to updating or shifting) or due to shared variance among EF tasks. We investigated the DA-related relationship between agentic extraversion and two EF tasks in a placebo-controlled between-group design with the DA D2 receptor blocker sulpiride (200 mg) in 92 female volunteers. Our goals were to investigate whether (1) there is an association between agentic extraversion and EFs measured with two different tasks (3-back and switching), (2) this association is sensitive to a pharmacological manipulation of DA, and (3) the effects can be ascribed to shared or specific task variance. We observed the expected interaction between drug condition and agentic extraversion for both tasks in a multivariate multiple linear regression model, which supports the DA theory of extraversion. Subsequent univariate analyses revealed a highly similar interaction effect between drug condition and agentic extraversion on two of three performance measures and this effect was somewhat attenuated when we controlled for shared task variance. This pattern matches the interpretation that the association between agentic extraversion and both tasks is partly due to DA-based processes shared among the tasks. Our results, although limited by the low reliability of the switching task, suggest that variance components and measurement difficulties of EF tasks should be considered when investigating personality-related individual differences in EFs.

Wearable Sensors Measure Ankle Joint Changes of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease before and after Acute Levodopa Challenge

Background. Previous studies found levodopa could improve the activity of the ankle joints of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). But ankle joint movement is composed of four motion ranges. The specific changes of four motion ranges in PD remain unknown. Objective. The purpose of this study was to decompose the complex ankle joint movement, measure ankle joint changes before and after the acute levodopa challenge test (ALCT), and investigate the effects of these parameters on gait performance. Methods. 29 PD patients and 30 healthy control subjects (HC) completed the Instrumented Stand and Walk (ISAW) test and gait parameters were collected by the JiBuEn gait analysis system. The percentage of improvement of gait data and the UPDRS III in the on-drug condition (ON) were determined with respect to the off-drug condition (OFF). Results. We observed a reduction in the heel strike angle (HS), 3-plantarflexion (3-PF) angle, and 4-dorsiflexion (4-DF) angle of ankle joints. We did not find significant difference in the toe-off angle (TO), 1-plantarflexion (1-PF) angle, and 2-dorsiflexion (2-DF) angle among three groups. Stride length improvement rate was significantly correlated with HS (rs = 0.616, P<0.001) and 3-PF (rs = 0.639, P<0.001) improvement rates. The improvement in the sum of rigidity items (UPDRS motor subsection item 22) was also correlated with HS (rs = 0.389, P=0.037) and 3-PF (rs = 0.373, P=0.046) improvement rates. Conclusions. Exogenous levodopa supplementation can significantly reduce the rigidity of patients with PD, improve their 3-PF and 4-DF of ankle joint kinematic parameters, and ultimately enhance their gait.

0115 The Effect of Zolpidem on Sleep Dependent Emotional Memory Consolidation

Introduction Psychopharmacological treatment is widely promoted for insomnia treatment. Zolpidem (ZOL) is a GABA A agonist that depresses the central nervous that has demonstrated unexpected benefits, specifically increased sleep-dependent verbal memory via increased phase-amplitude coupling between slow oscillations and sleep spindles (Niknazar et al., 2015). Here we investigated if ZOL improved sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation. Methods Using a within-subjects, cross-over design, we counterbalanced the administration of zolpidem (ZOL) or placebo (PBO) to 37 subjects in a double-blind study. Prior to drug or placebo administration, subjects rated their subjective physiological arousal of negative and neutral pictures. Subjects were tested on their recognition of the pictures twice, before (PM) and after (AM) a night of sleep. All subjects were monitored polysomnographically across the night. Results We analyzed emotional picture recognition using 2-by-2 ANOVA (emotion x drug condition). We found a main effect of emotional picture PM performance, such that negative pictures were remembered better than neutral pictures. There was a significant main effect of sleep on AM false alarm rate, with greater false alarms for negative than neutral pictures, a significant interaction between drug and emotion on AM dprime, and a significant interaction for the difference between AM and PM performance and drug condition. Specifically, we found memory maintenance for both emotional picture types in ZOL but negative picture memory decline in PBO. Across the night, ZOL showed greater memory performance than PBO if subjects had greater N2 SWA and N2 sigma activity (12-15Hz). Conclusion Zolpidem benefits sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation by decreasing overnight forgetting. Further, it appears that spindle activity may play a key role in ZOL’s memory effect. Support NIH AG046646

Profil Penggunaan Obat Antiinflamasi Nonstreoid di Indonesia

Nonsteroid Antiinflamation Drugs (NSAIDs) are available in drug store and be bought as a pain relief. Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 study the medicines stored in household. Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 was held in 33 provinces and 497 districts in Indonesia. The research encompasses 300.000 households in 12.000 blocks cencus. The participants were designated households and its member of the family. The study were interviewing the participants to obtain data of all drugs that are stored and used, including traditional medicines. The data including the brand, indication, the provenance (prescribed or unprescribed by doctor), the storage period and also observe drug condition. This study was further analysis of subset data in block IV of Riskesdas 2013 in households. The data were classified by its mechanism and its structure. The result showed that East Java was the highest user of AINS drugs was (15%). Non selectif COX-2 drug and partial selectif COX-2 was 38,3% bought from drug store and 14,4% from drug store. For rheumatism treatment was all used for more than a month. Widely use of NSAIDs as a pain relief indicated the necessity of a proper medicine use information to avoid side effect of NSAID drug.

The effects of acute fluoxetine administration on temporal discounting in youth with ADHD

BackgroundSerotonin is under-researched in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), despite accumulating evidence for its involvement in impulsiveness and the disorder. Serotonin further modulates temporal discounting (TD), which is typically abnormal in ADHD relative to healthy subjects, underpinned by reduced fronto-striato-limbic activation. This study tested whether a single acute dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine up-regulates and normalizes reduced fronto-striato-limbic neurofunctional activation in ADHD during TD.MethodTwelve boys with ADHD were scanned twice in a placebo-controlled randomized design under either fluoxetine (between 8 and 15 mg, titrated to weight) or placebo while performing an individually adjusted functional magnetic resonance imaging TD task. Twenty healthy controls were scanned once. Brain activation was compared in patients under either drug condition and compared to controls to test for normalization effects.ResultsRepeated-measures whole-brain analysis in patients revealed significant up-regulation with fluoxetine in a large cluster comprising right inferior frontal cortex, insula, premotor cortex and basal ganglia, which further correlated trend-wise with TD performance, which was impaired relative to controls under placebo, but normalized under fluoxetine. Fluoxetine further down-regulated default mode areas of posterior cingulate and precuneus. Comparisons between controls and patients under either drug condition revealed normalization with fluoxetine in right premotor-insular-parietal activation, which was reduced in patients under placebo.ConclusionsThe findings show that a serotonin agonist up-regulates activation in typical ADHD dysfunctional areas in right inferior frontal cortex, insula and striatum as well as down-regulating default mode network regions in the context of impulsivity and TD.

Blindness and Bias in a Trial of Antidepressant Medication For Chronic Tension-Type Headache

This study aimed to examine penetration of the blind in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurologists' ratings of improvement and medication side-effects, participants' ratings of improvement and daily diary recordings of headaches were assessed along with participants' and neurologists' guesses about treatment group placement in participants who completed at least 3 months of treatment ( N = 169). Despite blinding, treating neurologists successfully identified the medication condition for 82± of participants receiving medication only; trial participants accurately identified their medication condition when receiving active medication (77± of participants), but not when receiving placebo. Concurrent stress-management therapy reduced, but did not eliminate penetration of the blind. Irrespective of drug condition, when participants were improved they were judged to be on active medication and when unimproved they were judged to be on placebo. However, neurologists' ratings of improvement, participants' reports of improvement and daily headache recordings yielded equivalent outcomes. Penetration of the blind needs to be assessed, not assumed in clinical trials in headache. However, penetration of the blind did not produce a prodrug bias as has been asserted by critics. Better methods of assessing and quantifying blindness are needed.

Effect of phenobarbital on sleep and nighttime plasma growth hormone and Cortisol levels

The acute and chronic effects of phenobarbital and phenobarbital withdrawal on sleep patterns and on plasma growth hormone (GH) and Cortisol fluctuations occurring during sleep were studied. Before bed, five healthy men, aged 21 to 25, were given a placebo on three baseline nights, phenobarbital (100 mg p.o.) for nine nights, and a placebo on a final withdrawal night. Beginning on the third of three consecutive nights in the laboratory, all-night polygraphic sleep recordings and blood samples (obtained every 20 min through indwelling venous cannulae) were collected for the placebo, acute phenobarbital, chronic phenobarbital, and phenobarbital withdrawal conditions.Blood phenobarbital levels ranged between 5 to 9 μg/100 mL across all hours of the chronic drug night. At this low sedative dose, latency to sleep onset and stage 4 sleep were significantly reduced in the chronic drug condition, but REM sleep was not significantly reduced. No significant sleep change was observed on the withdrawal night. Both peak GH level and total integrated GH across the night were unaffected by the acute, chronic, and withdrawal conditions. The pattern of GH release appeared to be altered on the phenobarbital and phenobarbital withdrawal nights as compared with placebo. Nighttime plasma cortisol levels were not significantly altered by any experimental condition.

CS Intensity, Amobarbital Sodium and the Conditioned Avoidance Response

In studying the relationship between level of CS intensity (light) and drug condition (amobarbital sodium) in the acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response of the white rat in a jump-box task, data showed that both variables influenced avoidance performance. Although the over-all performance of drugged Ss was better than that of those given a placebo, primary differences occurred at 50,000 and 800,000 peak candles of CS intensity; performance of Ss under placebo showed a marked decline at 800,000 peak candles.