Administration of zinc to preterm infants with hypozincemia does not reduce serum copper concentrations in most cases: a single-center retrospective observational study

Background Zinc is an essential trace element involved in various physiological functions. In Japan, zinc acetate dihydrate is administered to neonates and infants with hypozincemia. Since serum copper concentrations are reduced by the administration of zinc, we retrospectively investigated changes in serum zinc and copper concentrations in preterm infants with hypozincemia receiving zinc acetate dihydrate. Methods Sixty-three preterm infants were included in the present study. Serum zinc and copper concentrations, doses, and other clinical characteristics were retrieved from electronic medical records. Results The medians and interquartile ranges of the dosage and duration of zinc acetate dihydrate were 2.1 (1.8–2.5) mg/kg/day and 12.0 (10.0–13.0) days, respectively. Its administration increased serum zinc concentrations in 39 patients (61.9%) and to more than 70 μg/dL in 16 patients (25.4%). The group with a serum zinc concentration of 70 μg/dL or higher after administration had a significantly higher zinc dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day than the group with a serum zinc concentration of less than 70 μg/dL. Serum copper concentrations did not decrease in 44 patients (69.8%). In the group with a decreased serum copper concentration, postmenstrual age and body weight were significantly lower, while serum zinc concentrations were significantly higher at the start of administration. Conclusion The present results showed that when zinc acetate dihydrate was administered to preterm infants with hypozincemia, it was possible to increase serum zinc concentrations without decreasing serum copper concentrations in many cases. However, caution may be required when administering zinc to preterm infants with a lower postmenstrual age or milder hypozincemia because serum copper concentrations may decrease.

Crystal Structure and Catalytic Activity of Poly[bis(3-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde)-2-aminopyrimidinemagnesium(II)] for Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene

A new six-coordinated Mn(II) coordination polymer, [Mn(L1)(L2)2]n (L1 = 2-aminopyrimidine, HL2 = 3-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) was synthesized by 3-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, NaOH, 2-aminopyrimidine and manganese(II) acetate dihydrate. The Mn(II) coordination polymer was structural characterized by elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results show that each Mn(II) ion is six-coordinated with two phenolic hydroxyl O atoms from two 3-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde ligands (O1 and O4), two formyl group O atoms from two 3-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde ligands (O2 and O3), and two N atoms from two 2-aminopyrimidine molecules (N1A and N2), and forms a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The Mn(II) coordination polymer displays a 1D chained structure by the bridge effect of 2-aminopyrimidine N atoms. The catalytic activities of Mn(II) coordination polymer and Pd@Mn(II) coordination polymer for hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene have been investigated. The Pd@Mn(II) coordination polymer catalyst shows the good catalytic activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene. The 1,3-butadiene conversion is 61.3% at 70 °C, and the selectivity to total butene is close to 100%. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Sintesis Mg2+ doped ZnO dengan penambahan albumen ayam ras menggunakan gabungan metode sol-gel dan sonokimia

Mg2+ doped ZnO has been successfully synthesized using a combination of sol-gel and sonochemical methods. Zinc acetate dihydrate was used as a precursor, magnesium chloride hexahydrate as a source of Mg dopant, methanol as a solvent, and chicken albumen was used as an additive to replace monoethanolamine. The sol was heated at 110 °C for 1 hour. The gel formed was calcined at 600 °C for 3 hours. FTIR analysis shows that the absorbance band around 400-450 cm-1 indicates Mg-O stretching, the absorbance band around 500-550 cm-1 indicates Zn-O stretching, the absorbance band around 400-550 cm-1 shows Zn-O-Mg bonds. Mg. Measurements with UV-DRS, obtained the smallest ZnO band gap value doped Mg2+ around 2.7 eV with the addition of 10 mL albumen. The resulting crystal structure was wurtzite with crystal size with the addition of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mL albumen were 25.22-55.91 nm, 32.99-75.87 nm, 45.92-83.91 nm, 45.92-75.89 nm and 46.15-71.47 nm respectively. SEM photo of Mg2+ doped ZnO with the addition of 10 mL of albumen has a hexagonal surface morphology.

DOSE-DEPENDENT CHARACTER OF DISTURBANCE OF HEMATOPOIETIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS FUNCTION, PRODUCTION OF SOME HORMONES IN EXPERIMENTAL URANIUM ACETATE DIHYDRATE EXPOSURE

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the dose-dependent nature of functional changes in the body systems under chronic administration of uranyl acetate dihydrate in doses of 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg per element for 18 weeks. The study was performed on 45 male outbred rats. It has been shown that uranyl acetate dihydrate in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg had no significant effect on hematological parameters. At the same time, activation of bactericidal activity of neutrophils, a decrease in the immunoregulatory index, and an increase in the blood concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) have been revealed. The toxicant administered to rats in a dose of 5 mg/kg led to a decrease in the absolute number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, the release of myelocytes into the blood, basophilia, monocytosis, the appearance of leukolysis cells and plasmatization of lymphocytes. On the part of the immune system, an increase in the biocidal capacity of neutrophilic granulocytes, TNF-α production, an increase in the number of CD8+ cells, and a reduction in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio have been found. Uranyl acetate dihydrate had a dose-dependent effect only on the number of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, T-cells with the CD4+CD8+ phenotype, on the immunoregulatory index, and on the level of TNF-α. Hyperglycemia and glucosuria were also dose-dependent. An increase in glucose in the blood and urine indicated a violation of carbohydrate metabolism and kidney function. There was a decrease in the concentration of thyroxine, testosterone and an increase in the level of insulin. Uranyl acetate dihydrate led to the development of insulin resistance. The level of hormones did not depend on the dose of the toxicant administered to the animals.

DOSE-DEPENDENT CHARACTER OF DISTURBANCE OF HEMATOPOIETIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS FUNCTION, PRODUCTION OF SOME HORMONES IN EXPERIMENTAL URANIUM ACETATE DIHYDRATE EXPOSURE

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the dose-dependent nature of functional changes in the body systems under chronic administration of uranyl acetate dihydrate in doses of 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg per element for 18 weeks. The study was performed on 45 male outbred rats. It has been shown that uranyl acetate dihydrate in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg had no significant effect on hematological parameters. At the same time, activation of bactericidal activity of neutrophils, a decrease in the immunoregulatory index, and an increase in the blood concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) have been revealed. The toxicant administered to rats in a dose of 5 mg/kg led to a decrease in the absolute number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, the release of myelocytes into the blood, basophilia, monocytosis, the appearance of leukolysis cells and plasmatization of lymphocytes. On the part of the immune system, an increase in the biocidal capacity of neutrophilic granulocytes, TNF-α production, an increase in the number of CD8+ cells, and a reduction in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio have been found. Uranyl acetate dihydrate had a dose-dependent effect only on the number of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, T-cells with the CD4+CD8+ phenotype, on the immunoregulatory index, and on the level of TNF-α. Hyperglycemia and glucosuria were also dose-dependent. An increase in glucose in the blood and urine indicated a violation of carbohydrate metabolism and kidney function. There was a decrease in the concentration of thyroxine, testosterone and an increase in the level of insulin. Uranyl acetate dihydrate led to the development of insulin resistance. The level of hormones did not depend on the dose of the toxicant administered to the animals.

Crystal structure of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) tolmetin sodium

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, sodium 2-[1-methyl-5-(4-methylbenzoyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl]acetate dihydrate, Na+·C15H14NO3 −·2H2O, contains two sodium cations, two organic anions (A and B) and two water molecules. The coordination geometry around the sodium cations corresponds to a distorted octahedron. Each pair of sodium cations (A–A or B–B) is chelated by two bridging anions coordinated by the O atoms of the deprotonated carboxylic groups, and each sodium atom is coordinated by an O atom of a third anion, which connects pairs of sodium atoms, and a water molecule. As a result, a two-dimensional polymer is formed in the crystal. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots were used to analyze the intermolecular contacts present in the crystal.

Biosynthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoaggregates using aqueous extract from Anacardium occidentale leaf: comparative study of different precursors

Background Various parts of Anacardium occidentale plant possess curative qualities like antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant. Aqueous extract of this plant leaf was used in biosynthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoaggregates using two precursors of zinc salt (zinc acetate dihydrate [Zn(CH3COO)2∙2H2O] and zinc chloride [ZnCl2]). The synthesized ZnO samples were used in a comparative study to investigate the antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes [Staphylococcus aureus, Exiguobacterium aquaticum (Gram +ve) and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii (Gram −ve)]. The synthesized ZnO nanoaggregates from the two precursors were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Results Micrographs of SEM and TEM confirmed nanoparticles agglomerated into aggregates. While spherical nanoaggregates were identified in samples prepared from Zn(CH3COO)2∙2H2O, flake-like structures were identified in samples synthesized from ZnCl2. Particle size determined by TEM was 107.03 ± 1.54 nm and 206.58 ± 1.86 nm for zinc acetate dihydrate and zinc chloride precursors respectively. ZnO nanoaggregate synthesized using zinc acetate as precursor gave higher antibacterial activity than its counterpart, zinc chloride with K. pneumonia recording the highest inhibition zone of 2.08 ± 0.03 mm (67.53%) whereas S. aureus recorded the least inhibition zone of 1.06 ± 0.14 mm (34.75%) for ZnO nanoaggregate from zinc chloride precursor. Also, antibacterial activity increases with increasing concentration of the extract in general. However, A. baumannii, E. aquaticum, and K. pneumoniae did not follow the continuity trend with regards to the 250 ppm and 500 ppm concentrations. Conclusion Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoaggregates using aqueous extract of A. occidentale leaf from zinc acetate dihydrate and zinc chloride as precursors was successful with the formation of nanospheres and nanoflakes. The study suggested that A. occidentale sp. could be an alternative source for the production of ZnO nanoparticles and are efficient antibacterial compounds against both Gram +ve and Gram −ve microbes with its promising effect against infectious bacteria.

Relationship between cytokeratins CK8/18&19 and KIM-1 level in urine with apoptosis and necrosis of nephrotheliocytes in rats with toxic nephropathy

The aim of the article. The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of apoptosis and necrosis in kidney tissue in the development of acute renal damage in poisoning rats with uranyl acetate. The research objectives included modeling acute poisoning in rats, collecting urine and kidney tissue with identifying markers of programmed cell death, tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA, fragments of cytokeratin CK8/18 19), and KIM-1 level in urine. An analysis of the relationship between an early increase in urinary excretion of the TPA and apoptosis level, a kidney injury molecule KIM-1, and necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells during rat poisoning with nephrotoxin uranyl acetate dihydrate. Materials and methods. Uranyl acetate dihydrate (CAS # 6159-44-0) was administered to 18-week old female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 175199 g by intragastrically at a dose of 30 mg / 100 g body weight once through an atraumatic probe. Rats were divided into 2 groups: group 1 intact animals (12 individuals), group 2 animals with induced AKI (36 individuals). Daily urine was collected before, on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day after poisoning in metabolic cages. The concentration of creatinine, KIM-1, tissue polypeptide antigen was measured in urine. In the kidney tissue samples, the fraction of dead cells and nephrothelial cells with apoptotic signs of nuclear changes by fluorescence microscopy with AMD Hoechst 33342 staining was determined. Data processing was performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0. Results. Acute kidney injury in rats with uranyl acetate dihydrate leads to a rapid increase in urinary excretion of cytokeratin fragments CK8/18 19 due to subtotal damage to nephrothelial cells due to activation of apoptosis, and then an increase in KIM-1 as a marker of necrotic cell death. Fluorescence microscopy of nuclear chromatin stained renal tubule cells showed a significant increase in the proportion of cells with apoptotic bodies, chromatin condensation, and a change in the shape of the nuclei. Conclusion. Examination of the curves of risk function showed that only creatinine in blood (p = 0.0002) and urine KIM-1 (p = 0.0005) had a significant level of association with rat mortality and necrosis of the nephrothelial cells. A comparative analysis of the relationship between apoptosis biomarker levels TPA (cytokeratin fragments CK8/18 19) and urinary nephrotoxicity marker KIM-1 with the proportion of kidney cells dying by the mechanism of necrosis and apoptosis revealed positive correlations of Spearman in pairs of cytokeratin CK8/18 19 apoptosis (r = 0.73, 95% CI 0.450.88, p 0.0001), KIM-1 necrosis (r = 0.98, 95% CI 0.960.99, p 0.0001). The revealed relationship indicated the possibility of determining urinary tissue polypeptide antigen TPA as a marker of the early stage of acute kidney damage as a surrogate marker of tubular cell apoptosis, and KIM-1 as a marker for necrosis of nephrothelial cells.