Olfactory Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Wesson ◽  
Sang Eun Ryu ◽  
Hillary L. Cansler
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Olfactory Perception ◽  
Odor Perception ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
The Brain

The perception of odors exerts powerful influences on moods, decisions, and actions. Indeed, odor perception is a major driving force underlying some of the most important human behaviors. How is it that the simple inhalation of airborne molecules can exert such strong effects on complex aspects of human functions? Certainly, just like in the case of vision and audition, the perception of odors is dictated by the ability to transduce environmental information into an electrical “code” for the brain to use. However, the use of that information, including whether or not the information is used at all, is governed strongly by many emotional and cognitive factors, including learning and experiences, as well as states of arousal and attention. Understanding the manners whereby these factors regulate both the perception of odors and how an individual responds to those percepts are paramount for appreciating the orchestration of behavior.

scholarly journals Odor hedonics coding in the vertebrate olfactory bulb

2021 ◽  
Vol 383 (1) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Kermen ◽  
Nathalie Mandairon ◽  
Laura Chalençon
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Olfactory Perception ◽  
Hedonic Value ◽  
Odor Hedonics ◽  
The Brain

AbstractWhether an odorant is perceived as pleasant or unpleasant (hedonic value) governs a range of crucial behaviors: foraging, escaping danger, and social interaction. Despite its importance in olfactory perception, little is known regarding how odor hedonics is represented and encoded in the brain. Here, we review recent findings describing how odorant hedonic value is represented in the first olfaction processing center, the olfactory bulb. We discuss how olfactory bulb circuits might contribute to the coding of innate and learned odorant hedonics in addition to the odorant’s physicochemical properties.

scholarly journals Local connectome phenotypes predict social, health, and cognitive factors

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Powell ◽  
Javier O. Garcia ◽  
Fang-Cheng Yeh ◽  
Jean M. Vettel ◽  
Timothy Verstynen
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Diffusion Mri ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

The unique architecture of the human connectome is defined initially by genetics and subsequently sculpted over time with experience. Thus, similarities in predisposition and experience that lead to similarities in social, biological, and cognitive attributes should also be reflected in the local architecture of white matter fascicles. Here we employ a method known as local connectome fingerprinting that uses diffusion MRI to measure the fiber-wise characteristics of macroscopic white matter pathways throughout the brain. This fingerprinting approach was applied to a large sample ( N = 841) of subjects from the Human Connectome Project, revealing a reliable degree of between-subject correlation in the local connectome fingerprints, with a relatively complex, low-dimensional substructure. Using a cross-validated, high-dimensional regression analysis approach, we derived local connectome phenotype (LCP) maps that could reliably predict a subset of subject attributes measured, including demographic, health, and cognitive measures. These LCP maps were highly specific to the attribute being predicted but also sensitive to correlations between attributes. Collectively, these results indicate that the local architecture of white matter fascicles reflects a meaningful portion of the variability shared between subjects along several dimensions.

SUBCONSCIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION PERCEIVING BEHAVIOR AND ITS ATTENUATION IN INFORMATION-BASED EVACUATION EXPERIMENT

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 1250049 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIZHONG YANG ◽  
SHAOBO LIU ◽  
PING RAO ◽  
KONGJIN ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Emergency Evacuation ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Cellular Automata Model ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Evacuation Experiment

An evacuation was studied from a classroom by means of experiment and simulation. In the experiments, evacuation with and without visibility was mimicked by requiring the evacuees to wear eye masks or not. The distribution of evacuees' egress times against initial positions and the flow rate at exits were studied. It was found that when masks were used, evacuees' egress strategies were highly dependent on their pre-perceived environmental information in subconsciousness which might affect the egress process. Thus we call this phenomenon the "subconscious environmental information perceiving behavior." In the simulation, a cellular automata model considering the influence of sound information and the subconscious behavior was used to simulate the experiments. Both the experimental and the simulation results show that the sound information plays a more important role in evacuation without visibility than in normal condition, and the pre-perceived environmental information is also very important when people have poor visibility because of the subconscious environmental information perceiving behavior. The simulation results consist with the experimental results well. This study is useful for understanding the human behaviors during emergency evacuation with poor visibility under the guide of sound signal.

scholarly journals Olfactory response as a marker for Alzheimer’s disease: Evidence from perceptual and frontal lobe oscillation coherence deficit

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243535
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Sedghizadeh ◽  
Hadi Hojjati ◽  
Kiana Ezzatdoost ◽  
Hamid Aghajan ◽  
Zahra Vahabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Spatial Coherence ◽  
Olfactory Stimulation ◽  
Olfactory Perception ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
The Brain

High-frequency oscillations of the frontal cortex are involved in functions of the brain that fuse processed data from different sensory modules or bind them with elements stored in the memory. These oscillations also provide inhibitory connections to neural circuits that perform lower-level processes. Deficit in the performance of these oscillations has been examined as a marker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Additionally, the neurodegenerative processes associated with AD, such as the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques, do not occur in a spatially homogeneous fashion and progress more prominently in the medial temporal lobe in the early stages of the disease. This region of the brain contains neural circuitry involved in olfactory perception. Several studies have suggested that olfactory deficit can be used as a marker for early diagnosis of AD. A quantitative assessment of the performance of the olfactory system can hence serve as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease, offering a relatively convenient and inexpensive diagnosis method. This study examines the decline in the perception of olfactory stimuli and the deficit in the performance of high-frequency frontal oscillations in response to olfactory stimulation as markers for AD. Two measurement modalities are employed for assessing the olfactory performance: 1) An interactive smell identification test is used to sample the response to a sizable variety of odorants, and 2) Electroencephalography data are collected in an olfactory perception task with a pair of selected odorants in order to assess the connectivity of frontal cortex regions. Statistical analysis methods are used to assess the significance of selected features extracted from the recorded modalities as Alzheimer’s biomarkers. Olfactory decline regressed to age in both healthy and mild AD groups are evaluated, and single- and multi-modal classifiers are also developed. The novel aspects of this study include: 1) Combining EEG response to olfactory stimulation with behavioral assessment of olfactory perception as a marker of AD, 2) Identification of odorants most significantly affected in mild AD patients, 3) Identification of odorants which are still adequately perceived by mild AD patients, 4) Analysis of the decline in the spatial coherence of different oscillatory bands in response to olfactory stimulation, and 5) Being the first study to quantitatively assess the performance of olfactory decline due to aging and AD in the Iranian population.

scholarly journals Deconstructing the mouse olfactory percept through an olfactory ethological atlas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo Manoel ◽  
Melanie Makhlouf ◽  
Charles J. Arayata ◽  
Abbirami Sathappan ◽  
Sahar Da’as ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Olfactory Perception ◽  
Olfactory Behavior ◽  
Mouse Behavior ◽  
Odor Perception ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Trained Classifier ◽  
Primary Axis ◽  
Low Dimensional

ABSTRACTOdor perception in non-humans is poorly understood. Here, we generated the most comprehensive murine olfactory ethological atlas to date, consisting of behavioral responses to a diverse panel of 73 odorants, including 12 at multiple concentrations. These data revealed that the mouse behavior is incredibly diverse, and changes in response to odor identity and intensity. Using only behavioral responses, ~30% of the 73 odorants could be identified with high accuracy (>96%) by a trained classifier. Mouse behavior occupied a low-dimensional space, consistent with analyses of human olfactory perception. While mouse olfactory behavior is difficult to predict from the corresponding human olfactory percept, three fundamental properties are shared: odor valence is the primary axis of olfactory perception; the physicochemical properties of odorants can predict the olfactory percept; and odorant concentration quantitatively and qualitatively impacts olfactory perception. These results provide a template for future comparative studies of olfactory percepts among species.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Prospective ICT Teachers Regarding Usability of Subliminal Message Techniques in Education

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Hasan Arslan ◽  
Muzaffer Ozdemir ◽  
Meltem Kuscu
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Instructional Technologies ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Senior Class ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Subliminal Messages ◽  
The Brain

Human brain is two hemispheres filled with secrets. What happens in the brain has always a research source and mystery for human. Some researchers associating human behaviors with the subconscious reported that if they reached to subconscious they could make the human demonstrate the desired behaviors. Researchers thinking like that have become the essential advisors for the advertisement sector trying to direct people to consumption especially. While the advertisement sector tries to make people buy things that dont need it also brought new concepts in the science world. The most known and emphasized one are subliminal messages. The purpose of this study is to examine use of subliminal messages for education from the point of view of students Computer and Instructional Technologies Education (CEIT). Since subliminal messages are dealt in terms of information technologies generally, opinions of CEIT senior class students dominating this field were referred. Interview technique one of the qualitative research methods was used in the study. In this study 42 students participated in the research. According to findings of the study, CEIT students expressed an opinion that subliminal messages could be beneficial for the education. It was found out that the most preferred method for education materials to be prepared is cartoon for students. It was expressed that 25. square technique was the most proper method as the subliminal method.

Deaf Studies in Learning and Cognition

2020 ◽  
pp. xviii-17
Author(s):  
Marc Marschark ◽  
Harry Knoors
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cognition And Learning ◽  
Learning And Cognition ◽  
Hearing Children ◽  
The Brain

The intersection of cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and neuroscience with regard to deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) individuals recently has received increasing attention from academic and educational audiences. Research and pedagogy associated with this nexus have focused largely on questions about whether DHH children learn in the same ways as hearing children, how signed languages and spoken languages might affect different aspects of cognition and cognitive development, and ways in which hearing loss influences the way that the brain processes and retains information. Frequently overlooked are interactions among various developmental and cognitive factors, as well as ways in which they are influenced by various individual, family, and environmental factors. This chapter addresses several areas of research on cognition and learning among DHH individuals, identifying gaps in our knowledge, illuminating some faulty assumptions, and pointing out broader implications of similarities and differences in DHH and hearing individuals of theoretical and practical interest.

Pendampingan Orang Tua untuk Menstimulus Belajar Anak Disleksia

Jurnal Anifa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Novita Sari Hsb
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Children First ◽  
The Brain

Dyslexia is a disorder in certain parts of the brain that causes learning disorders in sufferers. Dyslexia is usually characterized by difficulties in language, understanding words or sentences, both in writing, reading, and spelling. This study aims to determine the causes of dyslexia in children and to recognize signs of dyslexia in children. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. In this study, the object of the study was a child suffering from dyslexia. Meanwhile, the research subjects were parents of children with dyslexia. Data collection through library research and interview techniques. The data were analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation and describe conclusions. The results of this study are that two factors cause dyslexia in children. First, cognitive factors include problems in the pronunciation pattern of letters and a lack of phonology or sound when reading in the child concerned. Second, psychological factors, the existence of problems in socializing and have low trust. The signs of dyslexia that appeared in the children studied were children who were very slow in reading, often flipped syllables by entering other letters, and the ability to recognize letters was very low so that they often mispronounced or pronounced letters.

Objectifying Anxieties: Scientific Ideologies in Bram Stoker’s Dracula and The Lair of the White Worm

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Long Hoeveler
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
French Translation ◽  
Brain Science ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Sexual Deviancy ◽  
Gothic Novels ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Scientific ideologies swirl throughout Stoker’s two most gothic novels, Dracula (1897) and The Lair of the White Worm (1911), and this essay will address those ideologies as literary manifestations of just some of the “weird science” that was permeating late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Europe. Specifically, the essay examines racial theories, physiognomy, criminology, brain science, and sexology as they appear in Stoker’s two novels. Stoker owned a copy Johann Caspar Lavater’s five-volume edition of Essays on Physiognomy (1789), and declared himself to be a “believer of the science” of physiognomy. The second major “weird science” infecting the gothic works of Stoker is the new field of criminology, or the bourgeois attempt to codify, control, and exterminate criminal elements in the human population. Stoker drew on both Havelock Ellis’s The Criminal, published in 1890, and the Italian Cesare Lombroso’s work, Uomo Delinquente (1876), a book that was available to Stoker in a two volume French translation published as L’Homme Criminel (1895). Stoker derived a number of his passages about the workings of the brain from the theories of the well-known professor of physiology, W. B. Carpenter, founder of the notion of “unconscious cerebration,” a concept developed in his book Principles of Mental Physiology (1874). Finally, Richard von Krafft-Ebing published his pioneering text on sexuality in 1886, Psychopathia Sexualis, with Special Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Legal Study, and invented the scientific study of sex. Of a piece with criminology, sexology attempted to categorize and medicalize human behaviors in such a way that all would become clear to the informed and enlightened bourgeois consciousness. As another weirdly scientific effort to “discipline and punish,” sexology sought to transform crime into perversion, and the man or woman suffering from vampiric tendencies became just another case study of sexual deviancy.

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