The Relationship Between Coat Color and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows in Algeria

The objective of the current study was to analyze the reproduction parameters of 48 dairy cows (29 Montbeliardes and 19 Normandes) and their relationship to coat color. Cows were imported from European countries and raised in the semi-arid region of Sétif in Algeria. The findings showed that the cows of the Montbéliarde breed were more fertile and of greater reproduction efficiency, compared to Normandes. Regarding the Montbéliarde breed, the intervals between calving and calving to conception were respectively 378.34 and 98.65 days, which were shorter than those of the Normandes breed (67 and 22 days, respectively). Normandes cows registered a higher number of services per conception (1.54 ± 0.9), compared to Montbeliarde cows (1.34 ± 0.55). Calving to the first service interval of the Normandes (76 days) was longer by 5 days than that of the Montbéliarde breed. The coats of Montbéliarde cows (51%) were whiter than those of Normandes (48%). A darker hair coat probably assured protectivity against thermal stress and greater efficiency of reproduction. The interval between calving in Montbéliarde cows was significantly affected by coat color; the interval between calving of cows with a colored coat was shorter (358 days) than whiter cows (400 days). For Normandes, cows with a colorful coat required fewer services per conception number (1.44). Hair works as a temperature regulator and may affect reproduction performances. The results of the current study suggest the possibility of integrating coat color into animal selection. It can be assumed that colored coats for Montbéliarde and Normande breeds appear to be related to their reproductive efficiency (interval between calving and number of services per conception, respectively).

Regulation of Temperature on Multitrays in an Indirect Solar Dryer (ISD) with Energy Storage and Three Airflow Modes

This work presents the regulation of temperature in an indirect multitrays solar dryer with oriented flux under the irradiance fluctuation. The temperature regulator using a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) as a sensor and fans is designed, and a similar device is also used to measure humidity through a sensor. Inlet and outlet dryer temperature and temperature on the three trays have been recorded with the regulation system according to different airflow modes. Irradiance and humidity have also been recorded. The model of outlet temperature with energy storage was given by using heat transfer equations. The results have shown that in the linking airflow mode, the average temperature on the three trays is 51.3 ± 1.5a°C, 52.18 ± 1.4a°C, and 51.9 ± 1.2a°C, respectively, with 52°C as setpoint temperature and NTC fixed on tray number 2. With temperature sensor in the same tray and 51°C as setpoint temperature, the average temperatures on the three trays are 51.86 ± 1.54°C, 51.60 ± 1.16°C, and 50.42 ± 1.13°C, respectively, in mixed mode, whereas in crossing airflow mode, the temperature gradient does not allow regulation on all trays. The regulation is possible when the temperature in the dryer chamber exceeds the set point temperature by more than 5%. The proportional type corrector is suitable for the temperature controller in indirect solar dryers. When the energy source is unstable, humidity which is a variable parameter is used to mark the end of drying instead of time.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PENGERING CABAI SISTEM TUBULAR HEATER DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN ENERGI SURYA

Today, the curing process off chili still generally applies natural drying or directly drying in the sun. This would obviously depend on weather conditions and could only be done in the morning until daylight. Therefore, it would require an ingenious dryer to be an alternative when natural dryer cannot be done.in the research, it designed a chili dryer with heat sources of heater from tubular heater. where the electric energy source of the tubular heater element heat is generater from the conversion of energy to a device called solar cells and stored into batteries. The method used was literature studies in which collections where conducted and analyzed a sense of relevant literature with thesis. Then design accordingly and tool making and direct research. This design was a beam made of plywood as the dryer room and inside was try and furnished with a digital thermostat as an automatic temperature regulator while disconnecting an connecting the flow of electric current to the tubular heater.the test wa divided into five different kinds by three test without load and two tests with a load chili. The test without load includes testing the maximum temperatur, the ability of the battery without charging and with a solar cell charger using temperature limit of 100 chelcious degrees, then the testing with a load 1 kg of chili and 6 kg of chili. The test result of this device can evaporate the highest water content of chili by an average of 78,2% for 1 kg of chili, and in the 6 kg of chili the waterr content can be reduced by 41,7% of whith a testing time 8 hoursDewasa ini, proses pengeringan cabai umumnya masih menerapkan pengeringan alami atau menjemur langsung di bawah sinar matahari. Tentunya cara ini sangat bergantung dengan kondisi cuaca dan hanya bisa dilakukan pada pagi hingga siang hari. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu alat pengering yang mampu menjadi alat alternatif apabila pengeringan alami tidak dapat dilakukan. Pada penelitian ini dirancang sebuah alat pengering cabai dengan sumber panas dari elemen pemanas listrik tubular heater. Dimana sumber energi listrik elemen pemanas tubular heater dihasilkan dari konversi energi sebuah alat yang bernama sel surya dan disimpan ke dalam baterai. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan dimana dilakukan pengumpulkan data dan menganalisa suatu pengertian dari literatur-literatur yang relevan dengan skripsi. Kemudian membuat desain yang sesuai dan membuat alat serta melakukan penelitian secara langsung. Alat ini berbentuk balok terbuat dari triplek sebagai ruang pengering dan di dalamnya terdapat tray dan dilengkapi thermostat digital sebagai pengatur suhu otomatis sekaligus memutuskan dan menyambungkan aliran arus listrik pada tubular heater. Pengujian dibagi menjadi 5 jenis pengujian dengan 3 pengujian tanpa beban dan 2 pengujian dengan beban cabai. Pengujian tanpa beban meliputi pengujian suhu maksimal, kemampuan baterai tanpa pengecasan dan dengan pengecasa sel surya menggunakan batas suhu 100ºC, kemudian pengujian dengan beban cabai 1 kg dan 6 kg. Hasil pengujian alat ini mampu menguapkan kadar air cabai tertinggi sebesar 78,2% pada pengujian 1 kg, dan pada pengujian 6 kg kadar air mampu dikurangi sebesar 41,7% selama 8 jam.

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF RAPEED OIL FOR USE IN A DIESEL ENGINE

This article presents experimental studies on changing such chemical properties of vegetable (rapeseed) oil, such as viscosity, for its use as a fuel in diesel engines. With the help of hydrothermal technology, samples of vegetable oil were obtained and laboratory studies were carried out on a viscometer, which showed a decrease in viscosity up to 16%. Oil samples were obtained at different pressures up to 90 atm. and temperatures up to 130 C. All samples were passed through a liquid activator installed at the outlet of the reactor, which, due to spargers located in the path of the flow, provided the appearance of a gaseous and liquid mixture with an increased ability to mix and conduct chemical reactions. The reactor was a metal flask with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a volume of 6 liters, with installed temperature and pressure sensors, and a heating element for heating oil. The pressure was provided by a gear pump driven by a 3 kW electric motor. For the safety of testing, an automatic pressure and temperature regulator in the reactor, installed in the control panel, was developed. In order to compare with pure cold-pressed rapeseed oil, comparative tests were carried out on bench equipment of the laboratory, which showed the effectiveness of this technology and obtaining the characteristics of engine operation on rapeseed oil as close as possible to diesel fuel. During the research, quantitative indicators of the ingress of rapeseed oil into the engine crankcase were also determined. When using cold-pressed rapeseed oil, this figure after eight-hour tests at idle at different speeds was 3.21 liters. After the processing of rapeseed oil in the reactor and repeated tests, the oil in the engine crankcase was measured, where it was 1.92 liters, which was 60% of the previous experience

Perancangan Mesin Tetas Telur Otomatis Menggunakan Sensor Suhu dan Sensor Udara

ABSTRACTThe design of quail egg incubators is intended to facilitate the hatching process. The heat source used in the incubator is produced from heaters that use incandescent lamps and humidifiers are used as humidity regulators. The temperature regulator uses a fan to maintain air circulation and reduce the temperature when the temperature has exceeded the setpoint. This tool is equipped with a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, an incubator motor is used for the egg turning process, a sound sensor is used to detect if an egg has hatched and a GSM module will send an SMS notification to the farmer. The whole system is controlled by Arduino Mega 2560. During the hatching period, the temperature needed to incubate quail eggs is 39oC and humidity is 60%. The eggs in the hatching machine are rotated once every 3 hours with a 45o rotation angle. This is so that the egg can be heated evenly. The hatching process takes 18 days, with a hatching success rate of 98% of 50 eggs. The use of power in the hatching machine is on average 62.44 watts up to 83.45 watts and for 1 hatching period for 18 days, that is 25.2392kWh.Keywords: Arduino Mega 2560, DHT11, humidifier, GSM module

SISTEM PAKAR IDENTIFIKASI JENIS KULIT WAJAH DENGAN METODE CERTAINTY FACTOR

The skin has many functions, including as a protective body, as a sense of touch or communication tools, and as a temperature regulator. The desire of most people, especially women, have white, healthy, clean and well-taken facial skin. However, the treatment does not pay attention to the type of skin, causing new problems such as acne, dry skin and others. To do skin care requires sufficient knowledge. This study aims to help provide identification of the type of facial skin using an expert system. The method used is certainty factor. The results obtained in this study are that this system has been able to identify the type of facial skin with an accuracy of 91%. Thus, an expert system for identifying the type of facial skin can be used to assist users in carrying out treatments.

Smart Thermostats in Building Automation Systems and Smart Homes

This article surveys the current achievements concerning smart thermostats for smart homes and smart buildings and observes the level of smartness of the microclimate control systems for buildings and rooms. The article shows the results of analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the marketed solutions and sets requirements for smart thermostat as a component of building automation system. All solutions were classified at three “smartness levels”, from zero to second, where zero level means simple manually adjusted temperature regulator, first level assumes working according the programmable schedule. The second level smart thermostat automatically generates and dynamically changes its schedule basing on the users’ activity and presence, as well as on user-defined priorities. The article sets goals for further research in the field of self-learning algorithms for smart thermostat, because it seems actual to develop a self-learning smart thermostat capable of supporting a large buildings; it should analyze user behavior and effect control both at the level of a whole building and at the level of single rooms. Keywords: smart thermostat, smart home, building automation, energy saving, control systems, controller, regulator, algorithm