新型コロナウイルス感染症のヘルスリテラシーと心身の健康及び生活への影響との関連

In our previous study Survey 1, we found infection prevention behaviors were characterized by health literacy and found to be divided into six segments: "majority/social defense”, “self-judgment/self-protection”, "threat denying”, "hoax affinity/optimism," "vigilance/self-protection”, and "hyper-vigilance/social defense”.The purpose of this study is to examine the real-life influences and behaviors of different types of health literacy. The 3,800 respondents to Survey 2 were asked to answer again, and the 3,000 who responded were targeting in the study.In the result, we found that "majority/social defense" and "hyper-vigilance/social defense" were lowered in their visits to the hospital for the purpose of prevention and visitation. In addition, the intention to vaccinate was lower for "hoax affinity/optimism" and "Threat denial”. Furthermore, "Threat denial" was the highest that respondents thought vaccines were unnecessary.This study revealed there were two potential high-risk factors in the life under infectious disaster. In the first, it is suggested that early detection of serious diseases may be delayed, resulting in a higher health risk than having an infectious disease. In the second, it is suggested that "hoax affinity/optimism" and "threat-denying" segments may be less likely to be vaccinated, and it is considered the segments needed the highly supports when infection prevention measures would be promoted.

新型コロナウイルス感染症のヘルスリテラシーの違いによる対象者セグメンテーション

The purpose of this study is to identify the types of the risk communication for COVID-19. We conducted the cross-sectional questionnaire survey, for 6,000 people (male = 3000, female = 3000, M = 49.41±16.59), regarded as health literacy. In the result, it is revealed there were 6 segments: "majority/social defense" in which people had the most common beliefs and thought PCR testing is necessary for all, "self-judgment/self-protection" that was highly literate, "threat denying" that completely denied threats and prevention of infection, "hoax affinity/optimism" that took in information without discernment, "vigilance/self-protection," in which people felt threatened by infection but thought that PCR testing was unnecessary, and "hyper vigilance/social defense," in which people protected others if there was even a small risk.

新型コロナウイルス感染症のヘルスリテラシーとリスクテイク行動および予防行動との関連

In our previous study Survey 1, we found infection prevention behaviors were characterized by health literacy and found to be divided into six segments: "majority/social defense”, “self-judgment/self-protection”, "threat denying”, "hoax affinity/optimism," "vigilance/self-protection”, and "hyper-vigilance/social defense”.The purpose of this study is to confirm the validity of segmentation by health literacy and to examine its relationship with risk-taking behavior and infection prevention behavior.The 6,000 respondents to Survey 1 were asked to answer again, and the 3,800 who responded were targeting in the study.In the results, we found that the fear of infectious diseases and the cognitive bias to believe that they will not be infected led to a regression to each segment, with significant differences between the segments. Significant differences in risk-taking and infection prevention behaviors were also found among the segments. In addition, there was no significant difference in the use of the “ Go to campaign “ among the segments.In risk-taking behavior, "self-judgment and self-protection" is considered to be a risk-taking behavior if the risk of infection is judged to be low based on accurate information obtained by the individual. Threat denial" has the lowest level of infection prevention behavior and is considered to take high-risk behaviors without hesitation. Over-vigilance and social defense" is considered to be a preventive behavior instead of risk-taking behavior due to over-vigilance against infection. In the “Go to campaign” , even if the respondents were highly susceptible to infection and felt threatened by infectious diseases, and even if they had no cognitive bias against infectious diseases, they would use this campaign.

Victims profile in function of motorcycle engine potency and assisted by the Fire Department of Uberlândia, Brazil

Introduction: Traffic accidents are a global issue, especially in emerging countries, resulting in a high number of deaths and significant social and economic expenditures with victims. Motorcycle accidents stand out mainly by its greater vulnerability, and studies relating bike engine potency and accidents are still rare. Objective: To trace the profile of victims involved in motorcycle accidents as a function of motorcycle power that were assisted by the Fire Department in Uberlândia, Brazil. Methodology: A transversal, retrospective, analytic and quantitative study, based on a public database. Twelve thousand nine hundred occurrence reports were retrospectively analyzed between 2015 and 2018 in the Integrated System of Social Defense from the Military Fire Department of Minas Gerais state database. Variables that allowed accident characterization were collected (such as motorcycle conductor or passenger and from the accident itself) and were compared in function of the motorcycle power or engine potency (less than 250 CC as low and more than 250 CC as high). Results: There was a lack of information in reports about the accident and even greater lack about the injured person, ranging from 0% to 52%. The predominance of accidents was with motorcycles below 250 CC. The values of severity and clinical data scores were not different between engine potency categories, except for the heart frequency of the injured, with a median of 82 and 80 beats for high and low engine potency, respectively. A greater frequency of accidents involving men, single, with higher education conducting motorcycles over 250 CC, involved in falls, with occurrence between 18:01 and 24:00 hours was noted. However, accidents occurred mostly with small-sized vehicles and motorcycles and did not differ between days of the week. Accidents showed a spatial pattern where most accidents occurred downtown and, consequently, in more commercial regions, with no major differences in engine potency. Conclusion: Even though accident severity did not differ between engine potency categories, the profile of participants showed some differences. This information, along with more complete and broader data in the reports, can offer subsides for more assertive public policy implementation to mitigate traffic accidents.

Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus: gene duplication facilitates social evolution

Termites are model social organisms characterized by a polyphenic caste system. Subterranean termites (Rhinotermitidae) are ecologically and economically important species, including acting as destructive pests. Rhinotermitidae occupies an important evolutionary position within the clade representing an intermediate taxon between the higher (Termitidae) and lower (other families) termites. Here, we report the genome, transcriptome and methylome of the Japanese subterranean termite Reticulitermes speratus. The analyses highlight the significance of gene duplication in social evolution in this termite. Gene duplication associated with caste-biased gene expression is prevalent in the R. speratus genome. Such duplicated genes encompass diverse categories related to social functions, including lipocalins (chemical communication), cellulases (wood digestion and social interaction), lysozymes (social immunity), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (social defense) and a novel class of termite lineage-specific genes with unknown functions. Paralogous genes were often observed in tandem in the genome, but the expression patterns were highly variable, exhibiting caste biases. Some duplicated genes assayed were expressed in caste-specific organs, such as the accessory glands of the queen ovary and frontal glands in soldier heads. We propose that gene duplication facilitates social evolution through regulatory diversification leading to caste-biased expression and subfunctionalization and/or neofunctionalization that confers caste-specialized functions.

Understanding of Mexican Migration to the United States: Rifts and Challenges

It has been decades since legislative issues have thought about social, defense, and compassionate issues of migration which has become a touchstone in U.S strategy discussion. Mexican migration to the U.S started in 1848. It has proceeded to the present with no critical interference, something that makes this work movement very particular as a basic segment of the American work advertise. Generally started with enormous development, driven by starvation, political problems, open doors in the U.S; that point eased back, tightened, or unexpectedly finished, from 1850 to 1882, similar to the case of the Chinese. The details show that Mexico is a key source of settlers in U.S and has long been a major source of enemy contact with refugees, but so many have been focusing on Mexico and not the other countries which have also become major sources of illegal immigrants. The United States and Mexico are bordered with California, San Diego, and Baja California, Tijuana, and the Pacific Ocean. The boundary stretches eastward to El Paso, Ciudad Juarez and Chihuahua, Texas, on the Rio Grande. From that point the border continues south-east along the Rio Grande River until the end of it in the Gulf of Mexico. Border stretching of over 1945 miles is insufficiently regulated. Only old solid markers, rusty safety clasp and spoiled dry fence posts can be found in many parts of the place, and the river Grande that over the centuries has continuously changed its course separating both nations. U.S endeavors to control passages and exit adequately have been focused principally along the most profoundly dealt transit courses driving to north. U.S. powerlessness to control all the Mexican boundary has proven that any Mexican involved in operating in the U.S seldom discovers that the frontier is an unlikely trap Through the span of the most recent 170 years, Mexican migrants have to a great extent worked in horticulture, farming, mining, and railroad development.

TESSITURAS DE UM TERRITÓRIO: o policiamento escolar na Grande Belém

TERRITORIAL MESHES: school policing in Greater BelémTESITURAS DE UN TERRITORIO: policía escolar en la GrandeBelémÉ da natureza do Estado produzir recortes/tessituras territoriais para exercer o seu poder das mais diversas maneiras. Consoante a isso, esta pesquisa tem como tema as tessituras da segurança pública do estado do Pará com vistas ao policiamento escolar. Objetiva-se analisar a produção de tais tessituras e sua utilização pela Companhia Independente de Policiamento Escolar (CIPOE) nos municípios de Belém, Ananindeua e Marituba. Para tanto, adotamos o seguinte procedimento metodológico: 1) revisão de literatura especializada; 2) trabalhos de campo; 3) catalogação/tabulação dos dados e 4) interpretação e análise dos dados. Como conclusões, podemos afirmar que a CIPOE se utiliza dos recortes territoriais da segurança pública do Pará, ao passo que, também, produz suas próprias malhas. ABSTRACTIt is in the nature of the State to produce territorial cuts/limits to exercise its power in the most diverse ways. Therefore, this research has as theme the territorial meshes of public security in the state of Pará with a view to school policing. The aimof this research is to analyze the production of these limits and their use by the Companhia Independente de Policiamento Escolar –CIPOE, in the municipalities of Belém, Ananindeua and Marituba. Thus, as a methodological procedure we adopted: 1) review of specialized literature; 2) fieldwork; 3) data tabulation and 4) data interpretation and analysis. The results conclude the institutions/public agencies responsible for public security in the state of Pará, produce through legislation a series of territorial meshes, such as Integrated Regions of Public Security and Social Defense, Integrated Areas of Public Security and Social Defense, areas of activity of Military Police Battalions, etc. As conclusions, we can affirm that CIPOE uses the territorial cuts of public security in Pará as it also produces its own meshes.Keywords: CIPOE; School Policing; Territory; Territorial Meshes RESUMENEstá en la naturaleza del Estado producir cortes/fabricaciones territoriales para ejercer su poder de las más diversas maneras. Ante eso, esta investigación tiene como tema las fabricaciones de seguridad pública en el estado de Pará con miras a la vigilancia escolar. El objetivo es analizar la producción de los cortes territoriales y su uso por parte de la Companhia Independente de Policiamento Escolar(CIPOE) en los municipios de Belém, Ananindeua y Marituba. Para tal fin, hemos adoptado el siguiente procedimiento metodológico: 1) revisión de literatura especializada; 2) trabajo de campo; 3) catalogación/tabulación de datos e 4) interpretación y análisis de datos. Los resultados apuntan que las instituciones y los órganos responsables por la seguridad pública, en el estado de Pará, producen, vía legislación, una serie de mallas territoriales, tales como las Regiões Integradas de Segurança Pública e Defesa Social(RISPs), las Áreas Integradas de Segurança Pública e Defesa Social(AISPs) y las áreas de actuación de los Batalhões de Polícia Militar(BPMs). Como conclusiones, se puede afirmar que la CIPOE utiliza los recortes territoriales de seguridad pública de Pará, ya que también produce sus propias mallas.Palabras clave: CIPOE; Policía Escolar; Territorio; Mallas Territoriales.

THREATS TO THE FREEDOM OF LOCAL NEWSPAPERS OF UKRAINE UNDER QUARANTINE

Media freedom in Ukraine which is one of the fundamental basics of civil society development, guarantor of the up-to-date, verified and objective information in conditions of pandemic, infodemic and economical crisis with ecological catastrophe, came under influence of threats which are slowing the democratic development and are complicating the exit from quarantine. Threats to media freedom during pandemic are existing at legislative, economical, financial and human rights defense levels. In conditions of quarantine, economic crisis, infodemic and ecological catastrophe journalists have no access to official events of power bodies, do not attend their sittings. This caused lowering the opportunity to control the transparence of the work of power authorities and other institutions. Due to the economic crisis caused by COVID-19 quarantine a serious threat to media freedom in Ukraine appeared. Regional, city and district printed newspapers which are the closest to their readers by content have suffered on it. Quarantine conditions made especially hard the results of ecological catastrophe in Western Ukraine due to raising the water level in mountaineous rivers up to 10 metres and following severe floods which destroyed roads, bridges, buildings and access to Internet communication. Based on the situation analysis, threats to media freedom and rights of journalists have been differentiated, researches of violation of media freedom in Ukraine during period of quarantine (March-July 2020) by the Institute of Mass Information (IMI) and media materials about detaining Ukrainian journalists in Russian prisons during the war on Donbas were reviewed and summarized. The following methods assisted to fulfillment the tasks of research: analysis of documents about regulation of media freedom of international organizations where Ukraine is a member – United Nations, the Council of Europe, OSCE, International Federation of Journalists, comparative analysis of data by international organization “Reporters without Frontiers”, statistical analysis of polls of chief editors of local newspapers by National Union of Journalists of Ukraine. In order to support democratic development of Ukraine, defense of freedom of the local press, its journalists and other staff threats to freedom of Ukrainian regional, district an city newspapers and to journalists’ security had been identified and differentiated, the necessity to fasten in Ukrainian legislation the status of journalism as one of the key spheres of the country’s information security in fightning with pandemic and infodemic had been proved, legislative ways of counterfeiting threats to media freedom had been developed. In particular, in order to reduce threats to media freedom in Ukraine it is necessary to amend Civil, Criminal, Labour codes and the Code of administrative violations by including there articles which proclaim the key status of journalists’ activity in conditions of COVID-19 quarantine. These changes are necessary in order to obtain: legislative guarrantees for obtaining social defense by journalists who suffered violations, to introduce the mandatory insurance of life and health for the costs of the owner of the media; mandatory insurance of journalists and editorial technics (video and photo cameras, notebooks, tablets, smartphones and other digital technics) for costs of media owners; to arrange up-to-date medical treatment, social and psychological support and medical-psychological rehabilitation to journalists who survived illnesses, physical and psychological injuries during their professional work for costs of guilty party and those who organized beatings, injuries and traumas against them. The results of research have very important scientific and practical meaning for improving media freedom and journalists’ security because they widen media-theoretical, theoretical and law presentations about threats to media freedom in Ukraine in pandemic conditions, assist the opposition to infodemic, prove the legal support of journalists’ security and assist to readers’ rights for prompt information without disinformation.

Masque, Da’wa, and Social Resilience

A mosque is commonly known as a place for Muslim to do pray. Sampangan mosque has been multifunctional as spiritual and non-spiritual development of the society as so far, particularly in the form of empowerment and strengthening the social defense from radical religious movements. How about society empowerment carried out by the Sampangan mosque in Pasar Kliwon Surakarta improving the social and religious resilience of the community? This research is a qualitative descriptive, data collection is done through observation; deep interview; and documentation on community empowerment and strengthening the social defense of the community from radical religious movement. Data analysis uses an interactive analysis model of data reduction, displaying data, and conclusions. society empowerment through the Sampangan mosque in Surakarta is indirectly to improve the social life of worshipers and society. Empowerment through the Sampangan mosque strengthens the capacity, the aspects of education, economics, health, and moderate religious narratives to strengthen the resilience of the community from radical religious movement by assisting the community.

The lateral periaqueductal gray and its role in controlling predatory hunting and social defense.

Evasion from imminent threats and prey attack are opposite behavioral choices critical to survival. The lateral periaqueductal gray (LPAG) is a key player in these behaviors, it responds to social threats and prey hunting while also driving predatory attacks and active defense. Our results revealed that distinct neuronal populations in the LPAG drive prey hunting and evasion from social threats. We show that the LPAG provides a putative glutamatergic projection to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). LPAG > LHA pathway optogenetic inhibition impaired insect predation but did not alter escape/attack ratio during social defeat. The results suggest that the LPAG control over evasion to a social attack may be regarded as a stereotyped response depending probably on descending projections. Conversely, the LPAG control over predatory behavior involves an ascending pathway to the LHA that likely influences LHAGABA neurons driving predatory hunting and may provide an emotional drive for appetitive rewards.