scholarly journals 新型コロナウイルス感染症のヘルスリテラシーとリスクテイク行動および予防行動との関連

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Hirai ◽  
Asayo Yamamura ◽  
Mai Kato ◽  
Mao Yagihashi ◽  
Asako Miura
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Social Defense ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Self Protection

In our previous study Survey 1, we found infection prevention behaviors were characterized by health literacy and found to be divided into six segments: "majority/social defense”, “self-judgment/self-protection”, "threat denying”, "hoax affinity/optimism," "vigilance/self-protection”, and "hyper-vigilance/social defense”.The purpose of this study is to confirm the validity of segmentation by health literacy and to examine its relationship with risk-taking behavior and infection prevention behavior.The 6,000 respondents to Survey 1 were asked to answer again, and the 3,800 who responded were targeting in the study.In the results, we found that the fear of infectious diseases and the cognitive bias to believe that they will not be infected led to a regression to each segment, with significant differences between the segments. Significant differences in risk-taking and infection prevention behaviors were also found among the segments. In addition, there was no significant difference in the use of the “ Go to campaign “ among the segments.In risk-taking behavior, "self-judgment and self-protection" is considered to be a risk-taking behavior if the risk of infection is judged to be low based on accurate information obtained by the individual. Threat denial" has the lowest level of infection prevention behavior and is considered to take high-risk behaviors without hesitation. Over-vigilance and social defense" is considered to be a preventive behavior instead of risk-taking behavior due to over-vigilance against infection. In the “Go to campaign” , even if the respondents were highly susceptible to infection and felt threatened by infectious diseases, and even if they had no cognitive bias against infectious diseases, they would use this campaign.

scholarly journals 新型コロナウイルス感染症のヘルスリテラシーと心身の健康及び生活への影響との関連

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Hirai ◽  
Asayo Yamamura ◽  
Mai Kato ◽  
Mao Yagihashi ◽  
Asako Miura
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Social Defense ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Self Protection

In our previous study Survey 1, we found infection prevention behaviors were characterized by health literacy and found to be divided into six segments: "majority/social defense”, “self-judgment/self-protection”, "threat denying”, "hoax affinity/optimism," "vigilance/self-protection”, and "hyper-vigilance/social defense”.The purpose of this study is to examine the real-life influences and behaviors of different types of health literacy. The 3,800 respondents to Survey 2 were asked to answer again, and the 3,000 who responded were targeting in the study.In the result, we found that "majority/social defense" and "hyper-vigilance/social defense" were lowered in their visits to the hospital for the purpose of prevention and visitation. In addition, the intention to vaccinate was lower for "hoax affinity/optimism" and "Threat denial”. Furthermore, "Threat denial" was the highest that respondents thought vaccines were unnecessary.This study revealed there were two potential high-risk factors in the life under infectious disaster. In the first, it is suggested that early detection of serious diseases may be delayed, resulting in a higher health risk than having an infectious disease. In the second, it is suggested that "hoax affinity/optimism" and "threat-denying" segments may be less likely to be vaccinated, and it is considered the segments needed the highly supports when infection prevention measures would be promoted.

scholarly journals Negative Marking and the Student Physician–-A Descriptive Study of Nigerian Medical Schools

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. JMECD.S40705
Author(s):  
Ikenna Kingsley Ndu ◽  
Uchenna Ekwochi ◽  
Chidiebere Di Osuorah ◽  
Isaac Nwabueze Asinobi ◽  
Michael Osita Nwaneri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
State University ◽  
Scoring Methods ◽  
Formula Scoring ◽  
Multicenter Survey ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior

Background There is considerable debate about the two most commonly used scoring methods, namely, the formula scoring (popularly referred to as negative marking method in our environment) and number right scoring methods. Although the negative marking scoring system attempts to discourage students from guessing in order to increase test reliability and validity, there is the view that it is an excessive and unfair penalty that also increases anxiety. Feedback from students is part of the education process; thus, this study assessed the perception of medical students about negative marking method for multiple choice question (MCQ) examination formats and also the effect of gender and risk-taking behavior on scores obtained with this assessment method. Methods This was a prospective multicenter survey carried out among fifth year medical students in Enugu State University and the University of Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to 175 medical students from the two schools, while a class test was administered to medical students from Enugu State University. Qualitative statistical methods including frequencies, percentages, and chi square were used to analyze categorical variables. Quantitative statistics using analysis of variance was used to analyze continuous variables. Results Inquiry into assessment format revealed that most of the respondents preferred MCQs (65.9%). One hundred and thirty students (74.3%) had an unfavorable perception of negative marking. Thirty-nine students (22.3%) agreed that negative marking reduces the tendency to guess and increases the validity of MCQs examination format in testing knowledge content of a subject compared to 108 (61.3%) who disagreed with this assertion (χ 2 = 23.0, df = 1, P = 0.000). The median score of the students who were not graded with negative marking was significantly higher than the score of the students graded with negative marking ( P = 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the risk-taking behavior between male and female students in their MCQ answering patterns with negative marking method ( P = 0.618). Conclusions In the assessment of students, it is more desirable to adopt fair penalties for discouraging guessing rather than excessive penalties for incorrect answers, which could intimidate students in negative marking schemes. There is no consensus on the penalty for an incorrect answer. Thus, there is a need for continued research into an effective and objective assessment tool that will ensure that the students’ final score in a test truly represents their level of knowledge.

scholarly journals Construction Worker Risk-Taking Behavior Model with Individual and Organizational Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Low ◽  
Man ◽  
Chan ◽  
Alabdulkarim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Safety Climate ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Construction Worker ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Worker Risk

Behavioral-based safety is an important application of behavioral science that can be used to address safety problems in the construction sector. An understanding of construction worker risk-taking behavior is deemed to be a crucial basis on which concerned authorities and construction companies can develop effective safety interventions to reduce construction accidents. However, no studies have been conducted to examine the effects of safety climate, work condition, attitude toward risk, cognitive bias, and risk perception on construction worker risk-taking behavior through a quantitative approach. Accordingly, this study aims to propose a research model that explains construction worker risk-taking behavior. A total of 188 valid datasets were obtained through a series of questionnaire surveys conducted in representative construction projects in Hong Kong. Confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling was adopted to validate the hypothesized research model. Results show that attitudes toward risk and cognitive bias have a positive influence, whereas risk perception and work conditions have a negative influence on construction worker risk-taking behavior. In addition, safety climate was negatively correlated with construction worker risk-taking behavior. Practical recommendations for reducing construction worker risk-taking behavior are also discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Are the Effects of Age Still Relevant in Predicting Malaysian Investors’ Risk-Taking Behavior in Stock Market?

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.21) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Audrey Lim Li Chin ◽  
Arfan Shahzad
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Familiarity Bias ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Using Data

The role of age in moderating investor’s self-confidence bias, herding, conservatism bias, familiarity bias, and regret in risk-taking behavior is explored using data collected from retail investors in Melaka, Selangor, and Wilayah Persekutuan (W.P.) Kuala Lumpur. As indicated in data analysis by Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), age plays an important moderating role in herding, regret, and self-confidence bias in investor’s risk-taking behavior. While younger investors who tend to herd are more risk averse and feel more regret in risk-taking than the older group, older investors seem to exhibit a higher level of self-confidence bias than younger investors. However, the risk- taking distribution between the age groups indicates no significant difference. Thus, the readiness in greater levels of risk acceptance depends on the individuals’ preference towards herding, regret, and self-confidence bias. Furthermore, this study also address contradictions in the existing literatures that fuels stereotyping and discrimination based on age. Therefore, age stereotype should be avoided when formulating microstructure strategies to raise the investor’s participation in the stock market.  

scholarly journals Exploration of Risk taking behaviors for Financial decision making in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-666
Author(s):  
Mahfuzur Rahman ◽  
Mohamed Albaity ◽  
Che Ruhana Isa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Risk Taker ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

We used and evaluated a simple real payoff choice investment alternatives to measure risk taking behavior of Malaysian youth and also applied this measure to examine differences in risk taking behavior of male, female, younger and older adult university students. Participants chose which of ten 50/50 chance to win or loss alternative they wish to choose. We found significant ethnic difference when Malay and Chinese were placed in-groups, Chinese showed a stronger pro-risk position than Malay. While no significant difference was found between Indian and Chinese. However, overall there was a significant gender difference in investment risk taking behavior. Females turned out in a stronger pro-risk position than males. In terms of choosing investment alternatives, there was a significant difference between age groups, such that younger adults were relatively more risk taker than older adults.   

scholarly journals Altered Risk-Taking Behavior in Early-Stage Bipolar Disorder With a History of Psychosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Chi Yiu Wong ◽  
Mary Chung Mun Ng ◽  
Joe Kwun Nam Chan ◽  
Martha Sin Ki Luk ◽  
Simon Sai Yu Lui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior

Altered risk-taking propensity is an important determinant of functional impairment in bipolar disorder. However, prior studies primarily assessed patients with chronic illness, and risk-taking has not been evaluated in the early illness course. This study investigated risk-taking behavior in 39 euthymic early-stage bipolar disorder patients aged 16–40 years who were treated within 3 years from their first-episode mania with psychotic features and 36 demographically-matched healthy controls using the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART), a well-validated risk-taking performance-based paradigm requiring participants to make responses for cumulative gain at increasing risk of loss. Relationships of risk-taking indices with symptoms, self-reported impulsivity, cognitive functions, and treatment characteristics were also assessed. Our results showed that patients exhibited significantly lower adjusted scores (i.e., average balloon pumps in unexploded trials) (p = 0.001), lower explosion rate (p = 0.007) and lower cumulative scores (p = 0.003) than controls on BART, indicating their suboptimal risk-taking performance with increased propensity for risk aversion. Risk-taking indices were not correlated with any symptom dimensions, self-reported impulsivity, cognitive functions or antipsychotic dose. No significant difference was observed between patients with and without antipsychotic medications on self-reported impulsivity or any of the BART performance indices. This is the first study to examine risk-taking behavior in early-stage bipolar disorder with history of psychosis and indicates that patients displayed altered risk-taking with increased risk aversion compared with controls. Further research is needed to clarify longitudinal trajectory of risk-taking propensity and its relationships with psychosis and functional outcome in the early stage of bipolar disorder.

scholarly journals 新型コロナウイルス感染症のヘルスリテラシーの違いによる対象者セグメンテーション

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Hirai ◽  
Asayo Yamamura ◽  
Mai Kato ◽  
Mao Yagihashi ◽  
Asako Miura
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevention Of Infection ◽  
Social Defense ◽  
Small Risk ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Self Protection

The purpose of this study is to identify the types of the risk communication for COVID-19.　We conducted the cross-sectional questionnaire survey, for 6,000 people (male = 3000, female = 3000, M = 49.41±16.59), regarded as health literacy. In the result, it is revealed there were 6 segments: "majority/social defense" in which people had the most common beliefs and thought PCR testing is necessary for all, "self-judgment/self-protection" that was highly literate, "threat denying" that completely denied threats and prevention of infection, "hoax affinity/optimism" that took in information without discernment, "vigilance/self-protection," in which people felt threatened by infection but thought that PCR testing was unnecessary, and "hyper vigilance/social defense," in which people protected others if there was even a small risk.

scholarly journals Gender, Risk-Taking Propensity and Culture of Entrepreneurs at Small and Medium Enterprises in Gauteng

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3(J)) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Ajay K Garg ◽  
Peter Letsolo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Gauteng Province ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior ◽  
Risk Takers ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This study analyzed the risk-taking propensity amongst the four cultural groups and its impact on the business performance, from a sample of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The data was collected using two sets of questionnaire measuring risk taking propensity and perceived business performance. 83 responses were returned from 400 respondents. The results indicate that male on average show higher risk taking, while difference in risk taking propensity between male and female was not statistically significant. A very weak or no correlation between risk taking and business performance scores for both the genders were found, indicating that gender and culture does not play a role in the relationship between risk taking and business performance. However study found that there was significant difference in risk taking behavior by different culture groups, Zimbabweans were the highest risk takers, while Chinese, Pakistanis and South Africans differed in their risk taking behavior.

Predicting Stock Market Performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Thomas Plieger ◽  
Thomas Grünhage ◽  
Éilish Duke ◽  
Martin Reuter
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
Market Simulation ◽  
Stock Market Performance ◽  
Risk Taking Behavior

Abstract. Gender and personality traits influence risk proneness in the context of financial decisions. However, most studies on this topic have relied on either self-report data or on artificial measures of financial risk-taking behavior. Our study aimed to identify relevant trading behaviors and personal characteristics related to trading success. N = 108 Caucasians took part in a three-week stock market simulation paradigm, in which they traded shares of eight fictional companies that differed in issue price, volatility, and outcome. Participants also completed questionnaires measuring personality, risk-taking behavior, and life stress. Our model showed that being male and scoring high on self-directedness led to more risky financial behavior, which in turn positively predicted success in the stock market simulation. The total model explained 39% of the variance in trading success, indicating a role for other factors in influencing trading behavior. Future studies should try to enrich our model to get a more accurate impression of the associations between individual characteristics and financially successful behavior in context of stock trading.

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