The influence of feed additives used to correct metabolic processes in the rumen cows to biochemical indicators of blood from after calving

Purpose: estimation of the possibility of using a mixture of feed additive "BioGrom SC" and the food antibiotic "Monenzin" for normalizing metabolic processes in highly productive cows in the transit period.Materials and methods. Studies were conducted because of the tribal plant of the Leningrad region. Two groups of animals were selected on the principle of analogs (experimental and control) 20 goals in each. The experimental group of cows 21 days before the calving and for 14 days after the calves were given a mixture of feed additive "BioGrom SC" and the food antibiotic "Monenzin". For the cottage additives, calcium carbonate (chalk) was used as a filler in the amount of 250 g with the addition of 10-15 g. Supplements "BioGrom SC" by 1 head. The mixture was prepared at the rate of 20 goals and a food antibiotic "Monenzin" was added to it at the rate of 100 mg per 1 kg of a mixture of feed additive with filler. The resulting mixture was fed by animals of the experimental group. All animal experimental and control groups take blood for 21 days before the hotel. The total protein, beta hydroxy acid, acetoacetic acid, alkaline blood reserve, calcium-phosphoric ratio, glucose is determined. At the end of the transit period on the 21st day of lactation, the blood of animal control and experimental groups was repeatedly investigated.Results. In the cows of the experimental group, in comparison with the cows of the control group at the end of the transit period, a decrease in such biochemical indicators was observed as beta hydroxy acid (a decrease to 0.84 ± 0.03 mmol / l), acetoacetic acid (decrease to 0.4 ± 0, 04 mmol / l). The animals of the experimental group decreased the content of the general protein (77.0 ± 0.08 g / l). Also, the data of the backup alkalinity of blood (acidose indicator) are within reference values. Calcium phosphorus ratio was also within the normal range.Conclusion. Introduction to the diet of a mixture of feed additive "BioGrom SC" and food antibiotic "Monenzin" normalize some biochemical blood indicators in cows in the transit period. At the same time, without correction of metabolic processes, cows are observed ketosis and acidosis, which can lead to premature disposal of animals from herd and as a result of economic losses. Thus, the use of the mixture is shown for the prevention and treatment of acidosis of the scar, metabolic acidosis, ketosis in cattle of the dairy direction of productivity.

“Production of D-lactic acid containing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae”

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) provide biodegradable and bio-based alternatives to conventional plastics. Incorporation of 2-hydroxy acid monomers into polymer, in addition to 3-hydroxy acids, offers possibility to tailor the polymer properties. In this study, poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) and copolymer P(LA-3HB) were produced and characterized for the first time in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of engineered PHA synthase PhaC1437Ps6–19, propionyl-CoA transferase Pct540Cp, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase PhaA, and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase PhaB1 resulted in accumulation of 3.6% P(LA-3HB) and expression of engineered enzymes PhaC1Pre and PctMe resulted in accumulation of 0.73% PDLA of the cell dry weight. According to NMR, P(LA-3HB) contained D-Lactic acid repeating sequences. For reference, expression of PhaA, PhaB1, and PHA synthase PhaC1 resulted in accumulation 11% poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) of the cell dry weight. Weight average molecular weights of these polymers were comparable to similar polymers produced by bacterial strains, 24.6 kDa, 6.3 kDa, and 1 130 kDa, for P(LA-3HB), PDLA, and PHB, respectively. The results suggest that yeast, as a robust and acid tolerant industrial production organism, could be suitable for production of 2-hydroxy acid containing PHAs from sugars or from 2-hydroxy acid containing raw materials. Moreover, the wide substrate specificity of PHA synthase enzymes employed increases the possibilities for modifying copolymer properties in yeast in the future.

Formulasi dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Gel AHA (Alpha Hydroxy Acid) Kombinasi BHA (Beta Hydroxy Acid) Sebagai Ekspolieting dalam Penanganan Melasma

Melasma adalah hiperpigmentasi simetris kelainan dengan etiopatogenesis multifaktor diduga akibat interaksi antara faktor genetik, lingkungan, dan juga fototipe kulit. Terapi yang sering digunakan dalam penangganan melasma salah satunya yaitu chemical peeling. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi AHA (Alpha Hydroxy Acid) Kombinasi BHA (Beta Hydroxy Acid) dalam sediaan gel dan untuk mengetahui stabilitas gel selama penyimpanan pada suhu 40±2o C. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. AHA yang digunakan Glycolic Acid 10% dan BHA yang digunakan adalah Salicylic Acid 1% diformulasi menjadi sediaan gel dengan basis karbopol. Sediaan gel dilakukan uji stabilitas selama 21 hari dan dilakukan stabilitas dipercepat metode cycling test dengan menyimpan sediaan gel pada suhu 5±2 oC selama 24 jam, lalu dipindahkan ke dalam oven yang bersuhu 40±2oC selama 24 jam. Perlakuan ini terhitung 1 siklus dan dilakukan sebanyak 6 siklus (12 hari). Selanjutnya dilakukan pengamatan organoleptik, homogenitas, daya sebar, daya lekat, daya tercuci dan viskositas. Hasil uji stabilitas menunjukkan sediaan gel kombinasi AHA dengan BHA baik secara fisik, homogenitas, daya sebar, daya tercuci, viskositas dan pH selama 21 hari penyimpanan, tetapi tidak stabil pada pengujian cycling test karena terjadi perubahan stabilitas sediaan pada parameter viskositas dan pH. Pengaruh kombinasi konsentrasi pada sediaan gel terhadap stabilitas sediaan gel mempengaruhi pH dan viskositas.

Structure, biosynthesis, and biological activities of cyclooligomer depsipeptides from fungi

Cyclooligomer depsipeptides (CODs) are peptolides, in which their symmetric structure ring structure has two or more ester bonds formed and alternately arranged between amino and α-hydroxy acid. CODs belong to four main groups of cyclotetrapeptides, cyclohexadepsipeptides, cyclooctadepsipeptides and diketomorpholines. These compounds have been mainly isolated from Acremonium, Aspergillus, Beauveria, Cordyceps, Fusarium, Isaria, Nigrospora, Peacilomyces, and Verticillium. The biosynthesis of CODs takes place outside the ribosome by giant multi-domain enzymes called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). Two different models about the formation of these depsipeptides were proposed. Fungal CODs are known to exhibit various biological activities, especially insecticidal, antitumoral, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Therefore, CODs are considered to be natural substances with extremely potential applications in medicine and agriculture. This review highlights the structures, classification, biosynthesis, and biological activities of the fungal CODs.