Modular sovereignty and infrastructural power: The elusive materiality of international statebuilding

This article uses the example of the Mogadishu International Airport zone and takes a spatio-temporal lens to explore how (sovereign) power unfolds in international interventions that aim at building a sovereign state. I show that the Mogadishu International Airport zone emerges as an elastic frontier zone that contradicts the sovereign imaginary intervenors aim to project and undermines many of the taken-for-granted boundaries that states tend to produce. The Mogadishu International Airport and similar zones emphasize the centrality of logistics and circulation in interventions, but also point towards their temporal and liminal character. Modularity became the material answer to the demand to secure circulation while adapting to the rapid rhythm and short timeframes of statebuilding. Modular designs enable the constant adaptation of the intervention terrain, allow intervenors to deny their power and imprint and facilitate the commercialization of supply chains and intervention materials. Sovereign power that operates through such zones becomes modular itself. It is exercised as an adaptable, in parts exchangeable, and highly mobile form of power that operates through crises and emergencies. The spaces and materials created by modular forms of sovereign power remain elusive, but nonetheless stratify experiences of power and security.

Crosstalk during the Carbon–Nitrogen Cycle That Interlinks the Biosynthesis, Mobilization and Accumulation of Seed Storage Reserves

Carbohydrates are the major storage reserves in seeds, and they are produced and accumulated in specific tissues during the growth and development of a plant. The storage products are hydrolyzed into a mobile form, and they are then translocated to the developing tissue following seed germination, thereby ensuring new plant formation and seedling vigor. The utilization of seed reserves is an important characteristic of seed quality. This review focuses on the seed storage reserve composition, source–sink relations and partitioning of the major transported carbohydrate form, i.e., sucrose, into different reserves through sucrolytic processes, biosynthetic pathways, interchanging levels during mobilization and crosstalk based on vital biochemical pathways that interlink the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Seed storage reserves are important due to their nutritional value; therefore, novel approaches to augmenting the targeted storage reserve are also discussed.

Effect of agrochemicals on spatio-temporal changes in soil agrochemical properties and yield of broccoli

The aim of the study. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of agrochemicals (mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers, plant growth regulators and ameliorants) on the spatio-temporal changes in the properties of agro-gray soil and broccoli yield using a cartographic approach. Methodology. The field experiment was conducted in 2016 at the site located near the Bykovo village in the south-east of West Siberia (54°58 '02.8" N; 83°5'21.45" E, Novosibirsk region). The objects of the study were the agro-gray soil (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozem (Siltic, Aric)) and the medium-ripe broccoli cabbage variety "Linda". The experiment scheme included the following treatments: (1) Control (without fertilizers), (2) Background (N100P60K160), (3) Background + succinic acid, (4) Background + dolomite, (5) Background + mulch, (6) Organo- mineral fertilizer "Criall". Soil samples were analyzed for the content of organic carbon, nitrates, total, mineral and organic phosphorus, as well as its mobile form; exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium, and pH. The dried samples of broccoli inflorescences were analyzed forthe total content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium.Main results. After applying agrochemicals and harvesting broccoli, the variation coefficients of рН, mobile phosphorus, potassium and calcium increased by two or more times. The use of agrochemicals increased the yield and improved the nutritional value of broccoli inflorescences. The treatments with mineral fertilization(2, 3, 4 and 5) the treatment 2 (Background N100P60K160) provided the greatest return. The application of the studied agrochemicals resulted in the negative (acidification, binding of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium) and positive (increase in the content of elements) effects. The immobilization of nutrients (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium) in poorly soluble soil compounds and the respective decrease in the content of the elements’ mobile forms did not have a negative effect on the elemental composition of broccoli inflorescences. Thus, chemical immobilization, leading to the fixation of nutrients in the upper soil horizon, prevents their leaching by melt- and rainwater into the lower horizons.

RESEARCH ON DETERMINING THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF VARIOUS POTATO VARIETIES AT SOLFARM SRL, COVASNA COUNTY

Potato cultivation is mainly influenced by the type of fertilisers used, the dosage of mineral or organic fertilisers applied based on the soil nutrient supply and texture of the soil. The potato’s particularities in growing stolons and tubers in the soil, the superficial root system, reltively smaller when compared to the above-ground part, make the plant’s soil condition requirements different from other crops. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the nutrient content in the soil, in order to accurately determine the macro- and micro-element requirements, decided before starting the cultivation, as they are highly important in order to obtain a good yield. In order to monitor the soil nutrient supply, soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-20 and 20-40 cm for ten different varieties, i.e. Arizona, Esmee, Riviera, Red Lady, Carrera, Jelly, Red Fantasy, Levantina, Bellarosa and Luna Rosa, and based on them the ph values, the humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and mobile form (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) content were established. Soil analysis is extremely important before starting the cultivation, because it helps farmers determine whether the type of soil is suitable for the plants to be grown and to determine an adequate fertilisation plan.

Distance Learning for a Foreign Language in the Postmodern Age and its Forms

The article is devoted to innovative postmodern requests for the liberalization of education. Postmodernism influenced education not only methodologically, but also by changing the very pedagogical culture of teaching. Now the relevance of the research topic is due to the problems of forming information content and methodological support for the introduction of distance learning technology in mobile form. The introduction of IT in education, the improvement of smart devices, the formation of an electronic information and educational environment have created the basis for such forms of education as mobile learning and blended learning. In both cases, the student situationally himself forms the educational process, turns from an object of training into its subject. The humanistic potential of mobile learning in the sense of ensuring equal access to education for people with different abilities is noted. The opinion is expressed about the importance of student motivation and IT competence of teachers to provide information content, intensify the introduction of e-learning and mobile-oriented learning technologies. It is argued that learning based only on mobile learning technology, using smart devices without classroom or office work, real communication with the teacher is not didactically self-sufficient, which would provide adequate language skills. Effectiveness in learning foreign languages is achieved by synergy of technologies distance mobile and traditional classroom or classroom training, real communication with the teacher.

ZINC IN THE "SOIL-PLANT" SYSTEM IN CASE OF LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST STEPPE OF THE OMSK REGION

A long-term stationary experiment was carried out on meadow-black soil in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region of Western Siberia, it was found that systematic application of mineral fertilizers (during six rotations of a five-field grain-fallow crop rotation) did not lead to accumulation of zinc above the APC in accordance with the Hygienic Standards GN 2.1.7.2511- 09. It has been proven that the amount of total zinc (5M HNO3 extraction) over the years of the research decreased in comparison with the initial value by 15% in a natural background and by 25% in a fertilized background due to its greater removal by plants and migration down the soil profile. Systematic application of mineral fertilizers on average over three years (2017-2019) increased the annual zinc removal by wheat plants by 16%. The content of zinc mobile form in the soil (AAB extraction, pH = 4.8) is estimated as average (2.1-2.2 mg / kg). The dependence of zinc mobile forms on acid-soluble forms was revealed, which is described by the equation y = 0.072x-0.643. The zinc content in spring wheat plants, depending on the fertilization, varied from 5.8 to 7.6 in straw and from 30.8 to 34.3 mg / kg in grain. The biological absorption coefficient was 13.1-12.8; the coefficient of biological accumulation was 14.9 -15.9, which indicates that zinc is intensively involved in the biochemical cycle of the agrocenosis during spring wheat cultivation, and its deficiency becomes a factor which limits the crop yield.

Changes in the Bio-Availability of Phosphorus in Pyrochars and Hydrochars Derived from Sewage Sludge after Their Amendment to Soils

The expected shortage of global phosphate has enforced the search for alternative resources for P fertilizers. Therefore, the present study focuses on the turnover of phosphorus (P) of hydrochars and pyrochars derived from sewage sludge (SS) in soils during plant growth. We designed a pot experiment in which Lolium perenne L. was allowed to grow on a Calcic Cambisol amended with SS-derived chars. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) yielded the SS-hydrochars (200 °C, 260 °C; 30 min, 3 h), whereas the SS-pyrochars were obtained after dry pyrolysis (600 °C, 1 h). Increasing severity of HTC lowered the recovery of total P (PT) from the feedstock to 76%. The Olsen-P diminished from 4% PT in the untreated sludge to 1% PT in the hydrochars, whereas the pyrochars exhibited an Olsen-P between 3 and 6%. At the end of the pot experiment, the soils amended with pyrochars and with hydrochars produced at 200 °C contained more Olsen-P than the unamended soils, proving that P-rich chars can indeed serve as a P fertilizer. Part of the P sequestered in the chars turned into a mobile form during the experiment. After addition of our chars, the soil pH remained alkaline, allowing the conclusion that P could not have been solubilized through just abiotic processes. We suggest that biological and biochemical processes are involved in this mobilization. This work demonstrates that, in order to evaluate the efficiency of an organic amendment as a P fertilizer, the knowledge of their P availability alone is not sufficient and a better understanding of the biochemical processes involved in the cycling of its immobilized P is certainly required.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К НОРМИРОВАНИЮ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ТЯЖЕЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В ПОЧВЕ

В статье рассматриваются вопросы нормирования содержания тяжёлых металлов в почве. Приводятся показатели предельно - допустимых концентраций (ПДК), описывается предельное допустимое содержание подвижной формы тяжелых металлов, а также дается классификация биохимически активных элементов в кислых и сильно кислых почвах. The article deals with the issues of normalization of the content of heavy metals in the soil. The indicators of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) are given, the maximum permissible content of the mobile form of heavy metals is described, and the classification of biochemically active elements in acidic and strongly acidic soils is given

XTEA CRYPTOGRAPHY IMPLEMENTATION IN ANDROID CHATTING APP

Information security plays a significant role in information society. Cryptography is a key proof of concept to increasing the security of information assets and has been deployed in various algorithms. Among cryptography algorithms is Extended Tiny Encryption Algorithm. This study aims to describe a recent Android Apps to realize XTEA Cryptography in mobile form. In addition, a thorough example is presented to enable readers gain understanding on how it works within our Android Apps.