Visualization of Emergency Needs Posted on Social Media by Metaphor Map

Thematic analysis based on a social network is one of the effective means in emergency management. To improve users’ understanding, the results of the thematic analysis are often displayed through visualization. However, the previous researches on text theme visualization rarely considered the unified representation of theme structure and theme evolution. Cognitive load leads to difficulty, and it happens due to the separate representation of structure and evolution relationship and it still increases because of the characteristics of urgency, uncertainty, etc. Therefore, a metaphor map is introduced in this study to overcome the limits of previous visualization tools in characterizing the structure and evolutionary relationship of emergency. On the one hand, different elements in the metaphor map represent the information of popularity and structure of the demand, respectively. On the other hand, the visual design based on the metaphor map strengthens the representation of the content and evolution states of the demand themes. At the theoretical level, a visualization method for emergency needs based on the metaphor map is proposed in this study, which enriches the theory of emergency information visualization. At the practical level, this study explores the design of a visualization system based on the metaphor map under crisis scenarios, which enhances the interaction between users and crisis information, and provides references for decision-making such as emergency material scheduling and emergency resource coordination.

Same but Different: Consistently Developing and Evolving Software Architecture Models and Their Implementation

As software architecture is a main driver for the software quality, source code is often accompanied by software architecture specifications. When the implementation is changed, the architecture specification is often not updated along with the code, which introduces inconsistencies between these artifacts. Such inconsistencies imply a risk of misunderstandings and errors during the development, maintenance, and evolution, causing serious degradation over the lifetime of the system. In this chapter we present the Explicitly Integrated Architecture approach and its tool Codeling, which remove the necessity for a separate representation of software architecture by integrating software architecture information with the program code. By using our approach, the specification can be extracted from the source code and changes in the specification can be propagated to the code. The integration of architecture information with the code leaves no room for inconsistencies between the artifacts and creates links between artifacts. We evaluate the approach and tool in a use case with real software in development and with a benchmark software, accompanied by a performance evaluation.

ENSURING THE INNOVATIVE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE ENTERPRISE ON THE BASIS OF SUSTAINABILITY

It was noted that the complexity of approaches to addressing the issues of achieving innovative competitiveness of the enterprise on the basis of sustainability. Scientists have raised a number of issues related to the active implementation of the achievements of STP (scientific and technological progress) in the processes of production and consumption. But due to the complexity and dynamism of the studied phenomena, the theoretical and practical aspects disclosed earlier are not universal enough. This concerns the separate representation of the place of ecological, economic and social components of sustainable development. Based on the above, the aim of the article is to substantiate the theoretical basis of innovative competitiveness of the enterprise biosphere as the mainstream of the world economy. The obtained results of the research allow to assert the necessity to introduce the provisions of the concept of sustainable development into the model of management of innovative competitiveness of the enterprise. The main idea should be the provisions for the implementation of sustainable development tools to market mechanisms that cover the behavior of producers and consumers. The synergy of interests of producers and consumers will intensify the economic development of the enterprise, increase its competitiveness. Taking into account the manifestations of such basic mainstream sustainable development as the combination of environmental, social and environmental goals of economic activity will build an ideal model of financial support for innovative competitiveness of the enterprise. Such a model can be considered quite promising, because it is expected to achieve a balance of interests between producers and consumers, between the ways of development of society and the economy with their natural capabilities to ensure further progress. It is proved that mentioned sustainable and environmental friendly business methods for ensuring the innovative competitiveness of the enterprise on the basis of sustainability are not only better for our eco-system but they can also create a unique competitive advantage for companies. In this case the investment could pay off. Since our eco-system is very important for us humans it is logical to give our best to pave our way to a green economy.

Is the Frozen Shoulder Classification a Reliable Assessment?

BACKGROUND: Although a common shoulder disease, there are no accepted classification criteria for frozen shoulder (FS). This study therefore aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the conventionally used FS classification system.METHODS: Primary FS patients (n=168) who visited our clinic from January 2010 to July 2015 were included in the study. After confirming restrictions of the glenohumeral joint motion and absence of history of systemic disease, trauma, shoulder surgery, shoulder muscle weakness, or specific x-ray abnormalities, the Zuckerman and Rokito's classification was employed for diagnosing primary FS. Following clinical diagnosis, each patient underwent a shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and blood tests (lipid profile, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and thyroid function). Based on the results of the blood tests and MRIs, the patients were reclassified, using the criteria proposed by Zuckerman and Rokito.RESULTS: New diagnoses were ascertained including blood test results (16 patients with diabetes, 43 with thyroid abnormalities, and 149 with dyslipidemia), and MRI revealed intra-articular lesions in 81 patients (48.2%). After re-categorization based on the above findings, only 5 patients (3.0%) were classified having primary FS. The remaining 163 patients (97.0%) had either undiagnosed systemic or intrinsic abnormalities (89 patients), whereas 74 patients had both.CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that most patients clinically diagnosed with primary FS had undiagnosed systemic abnormalities and/or intra-articular pathologies. Therefore, a modification of the Zuckerman and Rokito's classification system for FS may be required to include the frequent combinations, rather than having a separate representation of systemic abnormalities and intrinsic causes.

The topography of frequency and time representation in primate auditory cortices

Natural sounds can be characterised by their spectral content and temporal modulation, but how the brain is organized to analyse these two critical sound dimensions remains uncertain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate a topographical representation of amplitude modulation rate in the auditory cortex of awake macaques. The representation of this temporal dimension is organized in approximately concentric bands of equal rates across the superior temporal plane in both hemispheres, progressing from high rates in the posterior core to low rates in the anterior core and lateral belt cortex. In A1 the resulting gradient of modulation rate runs approximately perpendicular to the axis of the tonotopic gradient, suggesting an orthogonal organisation of spectral and temporal sound dimensions. In auditory belt areas this relationship is more complex. The data suggest a continuous representation of modulation rate across several physiological areas, in contradistinction to a separate representation of frequency within each area.

The Discursive Mind Model

The paper proposes the model of discursive mind and describes the cognitive architecture of the dialogically structured mind. The model draws on Hermans’ (1999) theory of the dialogical self (DS) and Wertsch’s (1991) vision of mind as a “tool kit” with socio-cultural instruments, and also on the socio-cognitive approach to personality in experimental psychology. An I-position is understood here as an active totality of experience, shaped in a particular social context and represented in a separate representation module. Th ere are many modules in the mind because in the course of socialization, the individual comes across many different social contexts. Th e described model and its preliminary empirical verification not only gives support to the DS theory, but can also be a leverage of its contribution to general theories of mind stemming from other theoretical traditions

The Formation of International Organizations and India: A Historical Study

As the clash of aspirations increased among European countries, a European ‘civil war’ started in 1914, which engulfed the whole world. With all the terrible destruction and loss of life, it was felt that an international organization must be established to avert war in future. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the British government succeeded in gaining separate representation for its dominions, including India. This created a rather anomalous situation, since a dependency of a foreign power, a colony which could not control its internal affairs, was accepted as a sovereign state by an international treaty. Europe had hardly recovered from the First World War in the late 1920s when it drifted towards a second holocaust in 1939. India became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, even though it was still under British rule, participating in the historic founding conference. But Indian national public opinion was neither very hopeful nor enthusiastic about the conference on the new international organization. Not only India, which was not even independent at that time, but Asian countries as such played a very small and insignificant role in the formulation of the UN Charter.

Prosodic structure in phonological acquisition

This article discusses the acquisition of the prosodic characteristics of a second language in the light of the development of a target language phonological grammar. Prosodic characteristics are conventionally taken to refer to the intonation and accent patterns in a phonological system. However, nonlinear theories of phonology view the pitch and stress values of a language as defining a separate representation or component in a phonological grammar, i.e. the prosodic structure. A 'metrical' type model of prosodic structure is presented, in which the structural layers of a phonological hierarchy are characterized by the occurrence of particular contrastive (paradigmatic) features and particular phonetic (syntagmatic) effects at each unit-level. The course of acquisition of the prosodic structure of a second language is then shown to be describable in terms of the gradual development of target language values per unit-level of the hierarchy. Data from the L2 English of two L 1 Dutch speakers are examined by way of illustrating some of the claims of the model.