Trigger primitive generation algorithm in the CMS barrel muon chambers during HL-LHC

This contribution presents an update on the Analytical Method (AM) algorithm for trigger primitive (TP) generation in the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers during the High Luminosity LHC operation (HL-LHC or LHC phase 2). The algorithm has been developed and validated both in software with an emulation approach, and through hardware implementation tests. The algorithm is mainly divided into the following steps: a grouping (pattern recognition) step that finds the path of a given muon, a fitting step to extract the track parameters (position and bending angle), and a correlation step that matches the information from the different super-layers and with signal from the resistive plate chambers. Agreement between the software emulation and the firmware implementation has been verified using different data samples, including a sample of real muons collected during 2016 data taking. In this contribution, an update of the grouping step using a pseudo-Bayes classifier will be discussed.

A Versatile Vacuum Ultraviolet Ion Source for Reduced Pressure Bipolar Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

We present the development of a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) ion source specifically designed for in situ measurements of trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The ion source utilizes a commercially available photoionization krypton lamp, primarily emitting photons in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region at wavelengths of 124 and 117 nm (corresponding to energies of 10 and 10.6 eV, respectively), coupled to a commercially available Vocus Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer. The VUV ion source can produce both negative and positive reagent ions, however, here we primarily focus on generating iodide anions (I−). The instrument’s drift tube (also known as ion molecule reactor) operates at pressures between 2 and 10 mbar, which facilitates ambient sampling at atmospheric pressures as low as 50 mbar. The low operating pressure reduces secondary ion chemistry that can occur in iodide CIMS. It also allows the addition of water vapor to the drift tube to exceed typical ambient humidity by more than one order of magnitude, significantly reducing ambient humidity dependence of sensitivities. An additional benefit of this ion source and drift tube is a 10 to 100-fold reduction in nitrogen consumed during operation relative to standard I− ion sources, resulting in significantly reduced instrument weight and operational costs. In iodide mode, sensitivities of 76 cps/ppt for nitric acid, 35 cps/ppt for Br2, and 8.9 cps/ppt for Cl2 were achieved. Lastly, we demonstrate that this ion source can generate benzene (C6H6+) and ammonium (NH4+) reagent ions to expand the number of detected atmospheric trace gases.

Concept and performance evaluation of two 3 GHz buncher units optimizing the dose rate of a novel preclinical proton minibeam irradiation facility

To demonstrate the large potential of proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBRT) as a new method to treat tumor diseases, a preclinical proton minibeam radiation facility was designed. It is based on a tandem Van-de-Graaff accelerator providing a 16 MeV proton beam and a 3 GHz linac post-accelerator (designs: AVO-ADAM S.A, Geneva, Switzerland and ENEA, Frascati, Italy). To enhance the transmission of the tandem beam through the post-accelerator by a factor of 3, two drift tube buncher units were designed and constructed: A brazed 5-gap structure (adapted SCDTL tank of the TOP-IMPLART project (ENEA)) and a non-brazed low budget 4-gap structure. Both are made of copper. The performance of the two differently manufactured units was evaluated using a 16 MeV tandem accelerator beam and a Q3D magnetic spectrograph. Both buncher units achieve the required summed voltage amplitude of 42 kV and amplitude stability at a power feed of less than 800 W.

Differentiation of Polyamide 6, 6.6, and 12 Contaminations in Polyolefin-Recyclates Using HPLC Coupled to Drift-Tube Ion- Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Recycling is a current hot topic with a focus especially on plastics. The quality of such plastic recyclates is of utmost importance for further processing because impurities lead to a reduction thereof. Contaminations originating from other polymers are highly problematic due to their immiscibility with the recyclate, leading to possible product failures. Therefore, methods for the determination of polymer impurities in recyclates should be investigated. In this paper, an approach for the identification of three different polyamide grades (polyamide 6, 6.6, and 12) is presented, applicable for the analysis of polyolefin-recyclates. An HPLC equipped with a drift-tube ion-mobility QTOF-MS was used for the identification and differentiation of compounds originating from the polyamides, which were then used as markers. These marker compounds are specific for each type and can be identified by their corresponding value of the collision cross section (CCS). After a simple sample preparation, all three types of polyamides were identified within one measurement. In particular, the problematic differentiation of polyamide 6 and 6.6 was easily made possible.