Institutions and institutional changes: aquatic food production in Central Luzon, Philippines

Aquaculture is the most rapidly growing food production sector globally. In certain coastal social-ecological systems, this has resulted in significant changes and sustainability challenges. In particular, coastal environments which used to support only capture fisheries are becoming sites for brackish water aquaculture production; this impacts the sustainability of aquatic food production. Sustainability challenges associated with aquaculture expansion and intensification necessitate a contextually rooted understanding of institutions and institutional changes which can be used as an informed basis for leveraging institutions to achieve desirable sustainability outcomes in the aquatic food sector. This research used a qualitative empirical case study involving in-depth interviews, participant observation, and analysis of institutional documents in the region of Central Luzon, Philippines. It applied the inter-institutional systems concept which considers multiple institutions with distinct but linked purposes and functions in the societal spheres of state, market, and civil society. The study found that aquaculture emerged as an important livelihood because of rice farmers’ need to adapt to saltwater intrusion into what were formerly rice farms. It grew into an industry due to developments in the availability and accessibility of inputs such as fingerlings and feeds. This process was also driven by the high demand and high profitability of fish farming at the time. Regulatory institutions have not adequately adapted to protect the environment. Market institutions adapted but the changes mostly benefited consignacions (middlemen) and large-scale players. However, organised groups of collaborating smallholder fishers and fish farmers are helping to address the disadvantages they face.

Labor characteristic on brackish water aquaculture in Aceh Tamiang Regency

Farmer and labor have a working relationship in shrimp aquaculture. These relationships are affected by the social status, economic motive, and competence of the workers/laborers. This research aims to (1) analyze the characteristics of labor in Aceh Tamiang Regency and (2) analyze the work relationships existing in each technology used. The research was conducted in April – May 2021. Primary data were collected from interviews with the purposive respondents using a structured questionnaire. Meanwhile, literature reviews are secondary data obtained from literature reviews and information provided by related institutions. The research findings showed that 89% of the respondents use traditional technology, 5% semi-intensive methods, and 6% apply intensive technology. Conventional technology is commonly self-employed and involves family members. In contrast, the semi-intensive and intensive technologies employ skilled laborers with monthly salaries and the yield sharing system (bagi hasil). Consequently, the capacity of the traditional fish pond farmers needs to improve to achieve the skillful need. Employee relationships in semi-intensive and intensive brackish water business ponds are mainly hired skilled labor from other places by legal binding. Both neglected to employ local people to maintain a social relationship.

The socio economic challenge to improve the productivity of brackish water aquaculture business in Aceh Tamiang Regency

There were 3,624.5 hectares of the brackish water pond in Aceh Tamiang, which can support the national shrimp export program. The problems arise due to the pond ownership matter, the source of financing, the technology used, and the institutionalization action to improve productivity. The purpose of this research is to improve brackish water pond productivity based on socio-economic aspects in the location. The survey to achieve these aims conducted from April - May 2021, in eight villages in Aceh Tamiang. Data and information were interviewed from 160 pond farmers. Simple statistics and descriptive techniques were used to analyse the data. The main findings are: 91.1 % of the traditional brackish water farmers depend on commercial seed and feed; the productivity of the brackish water pond is between 1.2 tonnes/hectares/year - 2.4 tonnes/hectares/year; the average pond ownership is between 1.1 and 3.4 hectares/farmer; 60% - 94,1% of financial funding to run business depends on their source and the rest from investor or trader. This research recommends: the brackish water farmers in all villages should be organized in one “corporate business” to improve productivity. This institution is owned by farmers based on money stock and managed by professionals.

Analysis of the Brackish Water Aquaculture Development in Indonesia

Brackishwater aquaculture is one of the fisheries activities that can be a driving force for the country's economy with its ability to generate profits and reduce unemployment in coastal areas of Indonesia. The development of brackishwater aquaculture can be used as a barometer in fisheries development efforts. This study aims to analyze the development of aquaculture in each province in Indonesia. This research was conducted from August 2020 to July 2021. The type of data used is secondary data obtained from the Directorate General of Aquaculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Data analysis used the quantitative descriptive method. The results of this study indicate that the development of brackishwater aquaculture viewed from the aspect of labors, land area, production, and productivity tended to be low during 2004 to 2016 but there were significant changes in provinces that were not centers of aquaculture activities (Maluku, Riau Islands, DKI Jakarta, and North Maluku) this indicates a positive situation that the province is trying to carry out aquaculture activities by facing the existing risks.

Analysis of Competitiveness in the Field of Brackish Water Aquaculture in Indonesia

This study was conducted from August 2020 to July 2021. Competitiveness can be interpreted as the ability of a region to make it excel in producing a commodity more than any other region. The competitiveness, especially in the field of brackish water aquaculture can be known through several indicators, i.e. human resources, infrastructure, production and science and technology. This study aims as an effort to realizing fisheries development in Indonesia by knowing the competitiveness profile of brackish water aquaculture in Indonesia through qualitative descriptive analysis method. The research procedure was conducted in several stages, the first of which was the collection of secondary data at the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. The second stage is to analyze the primary data in the form of expert opinions or competent people in their fields. Then the last stage is to analyze the data that has been obtained during the research. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the competitiveness profile of brackish water aquaculture in Indonesia was outperformed by south Sulawesi province with a final value of 17.03, while the region with the lowest competitiveness value was Riau Islands Province with a final value of 0.05.

Innovative Aquaculture for the Poor to Adjust to Environmental Change in Coastal Bangladesh? Barriers and Options for Progress

More so than wealthier, less nature-dependent social groups, the poor in tropical coastal regions suffer from adverse environmental change and need new income options. With high levels of saltwater intrusion into coastal lands, innovative brackish water aquaculture (BWA) including integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) are crucial adaptation options to the expanding marine waters. This article examines how poor Bangladeshi coastal residents view BWA, and what is needed to make BWA a viable and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor. In sites that are affected by major salinity intrusion, we used a semi-structured questionnaire to interview 120 households. We examine three questions: (1) What kind of aquaculture is currently being undertaken in brackish/saline/coastal waters? (2) Do poor coastal residents see BWA (and, by implication the hitherto fairly unknown IMTA) as a viable and sustainable livelihood? (3) What is needed to make BWA a feasible and promising livelihood in Bangladesh? Our results show both information and perception biases obstruct in particular coastal poor women and men from engaging with innovative BWA. Their knowledge on ecosystem-based aquaculture was scarce and their views of aquaculture were related mainly to previous experiences with shrimp monoculture and its polarizing socio-economic effects. We propose some strategic fields of action to develop innovative BWA that also benefits coastal Bangladesh’s poorest people.

The performance of Chlorella vulgaris growth on mass-scale cultivation

Phytoplankton have many benefits, including as a primary producer, natural food, bioindicator, and water pollution treatment. For this reason, their availability needs to be managed, one of which is through cultivation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mass scale cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris. The research was conducted at the Technical Implementation Unit of Freshwater and Brackish Water Aquaculture, Situbondo, using a descriptive method. The data were analyzed statistically using MS. Excel 2016 software, and a multiple linear regression test was carried out to determine the effect of water quality parameters on the growth of C. vulgaris using the SPSS 16.0 application. The cultivation process started from strain preparation, water preparation, tank and culture media preparation, inoculation, fertilization, and then harvesting. The initial density of C. vulgaris used was 145x104 Cell. mL-1 in tank 1 and 188x104 Cell. mL-1 in tank 2. The results showed that the cell density value of C. vulgaris increased every day until it entered the exponential phase, namely on the 4th day of the culture activity, which was 507 x 104 in tank 1 and 536 x 104 Cell. mL-1 in tank 2. Furthermore, the value of water quality parameters that affected the growth of C. vulgaris in tank 1 and tank 2 was dissolved oxygen of 4.82-6.97 mg. L-1, pH 8.2-9.1, transparency of 20-45 cm, temperature was 26.8-28.2 oC, nitrate of 0.10-0.50 mg. L-1, phosphate of 0.75-2 mg. L-1, and salinity of 30-39 ppt.

PENGARUH SHELTER BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN CRABLET KEPITING RAJUNGAN (Portunus pelagicus)

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penggunaan shelter dalam meningkatkan kelulusan hidup dan menurunkan kanibalisme crablet rajungan (Portunus pelagicus). Penelitian ini di laksanakan selama 2 bulan di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau (BPBAP) Takalar. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi tingkat kanibalisme pada budidaya rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) adalah dengan pemberian shelter berupa Rumput laut Glacillaria, rumput sintetis, waring hitam. Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) stadia crablet diperoleh dari BPBAP Jepara dengan berat awal 0.03 gram sedangkan berat akhir 0.64 gram, metode yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian pengunaaan jenis shelter yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan mutlak dan panjang karapas yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi tingkat kanibalisme kepiting tidak berpengaruh nyata. Sedangkan hasil perhitungan sintasan Rajungan (Portunus pelagicus) dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil penggunaan jenis shelter yang berbeda dapat berpengaruh nyata (P< 0,01) The aim of this study was to determine the use of shelter in increasing survival and reducing cannibalism of small crab (Portunus pelagicus) crablets. ` This research was carried out for 2 months at the Center for Brackish Water Aquaculture (BPBAP) Takalar. One effort to reduce the level of cannibalism in crab cultivation (Portunus pelagicus) is to provide shelter in the form of Glacillaria seaweed, synthetic grass, black waring. Crayfish (Portunus pelagicus) crablet stage was obtained from BPBAP Jepara with an initial weight of 0.03 grams and a final weight of 0.64 grams. The method used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The results of the study using different types of shelter on absolute growth and carapace length aimed at reducing the level of crab cannibalism did not have a significant effect. While the results of the calculation of the survival of the crab (Portunus pelagicus) can be concluded that the results of using different types of shelters can have a significant effect (P < 0.01)