Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2019 Tentang Karantina Hewan, Ikan Dan Tumbuhan Pada Balai Besar Karantina Pertanian Belawan

This study aims to analyze the implementation of plant quarantine policies in the work unit of the Belawan Agricultural Quarantine Center. This study uses a qualitative approach where the researcher is the key instrument, the data collection technique is trangulation (observation, interviews and documentation), the data obtained tends to be qualitative data, the data analysis is qualitative and the results of qualitative research are to understand the meaning and construct the phenomenon of policy implementation. plant quarantine service regulations. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the policy on plant quarantine service regulations has not been able to be carried out optimally even though the stipulated legal regulations have been enforced. This is due to the lack of communication or dissemination of information about quarantine to the entire community, especially service users. Besides, other indicators are due to the lack of civil servant field officers at the Belawan Agricultural Quarantine Center and the lack of technology that supports services at the Belawan Agricultural Quarantine Center.

Pengaturan Karantina Tumbuhan dalam Pengawasan Buah Impor di Indonesia

The practice of applying chemical substances to fruits to keep them fresh and look fresh is still being discovered. This form of fraud can occur and can pass into the fruit market in Indonesia in the absence of an agency that specifically pays attention to and carries out quarantine. The purposes of this study are to reveal the plant quarantine arrangements in the provisions of the legislation on the supervision and model for imported fruit that will be marketed and consumed by the public. The type of research used in this research is normative legal research. Sources of legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary sources of law. The technique of collecting legal materials used in this research is the technique of document study and literature study. After the data is collected, then it is analyzed descriptively. The results of the study show that the regulation of plant quarantine is in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2019 concerning Animal, Fish and Plant Quarantine and is also regulated in Government Regulation Number 14 of 2002 concerning Plant Quarantine. The control model for imported fruit to be marketed and consumed by the public is carried out according to the procedure, namely that each carrier medium (plants and their parts and/or other objects) is subject to plant quarantine, physical/visual inspection is carried out and continued with health checks according to the OPTK target.

Forest Biosecurity Systems and Processes: An Indian Perspective

Biological invasions continue unabated across the globe despite all efforts to manage the problem by implementing biosecurity regulations and associated management methods. In this context, this paper reviews the plant biosecurity legislation applicable to agriculture and forestry sectors in India to prevent/manage invasions, with the objective of identifying limitations in the legislation or lapses in implementing it and propose corrective measures. The legislation can be improved by: (1) revising and updating the Destructive Insects and Pests Act (1914) and Plant Quarantine Order 2003 and (2) establishing a National Sanitary and Phytosanitary Database Center to promote exchange of information. Establishing more plant quarantine stations with state-of-the-art facilities and a Biosecurity and Trade Unit may support implementation of legislation. Some of main gaps in information and research in biosecurity are identified. The plant biosecurity legislation, though meant to be common, mainly addresses the agriculture sector; its application in the forestry context is currently scarce. Hence, it is suggested that India may enact forest biosecurity scrupulously especially in the context of introducing the REDD + strategy and a Forest Certification Scheme. It is proposed that an integrated pest management (IPM) system involving e-pest surveillance, establishment of pest-free areas and use of biocontrol may help tackle emerging pest threats. The use of new technologies for remote sensing and detection and mapping of vegetation may help bio-surveillance, forecasting, and monitoring of pests. However, successful implementation of all management options demands formation of an exclusive national policy to manage invasive alien species and an action plan governed by a single agency. To realize the plant biosecurity goals, India may also strengthen regional cooperation to: (1) harmonize regulations for sanitary/phytosanitary and plant quarantine/biosafety measures and (2) use a common pest risk analysis (PRA) for unknown pests in the region. Capacity-building of officials to identify risky goods and verify conformity with Import Health Standards is raised. Also, raising awareness on biosecurity among all stakeholders and involving them in implementing the legislation would be helpful. The proposed National Agricultural Biosecurity System and the Agricultural Biosecurity Bill currently considered by the Indian Parliament is expected to address the inadequacies.

New Paradigm on Plant Quarantine System for Protection of Biological Diversity in Indonesia

Plant quarantine system becomes an important pillar in the protection of biological diversities from the threat of plant pests and diseases. The implementation of plant quarantine system currently covers prevention of spread of quarantine pests, food safety, food quality, genetic resources and bio-agents, as well as invasive alien species and genetically modified organism. During 2014 to 2018, a total of 232 frequency intercepted of quarantine pests of viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, and weeds have been detected. These pests associated with plant materials from various countries in Asia, Europe, the United States, Australia and Africa that may potentially threaten biological diversities when dispersed within Indonesian territory. Implementation of risk analysis and appropriate level of protection consideration can be clustered in to pre-border, at-border, and post-border activities in order to mitigate the risk of quarantine pests and biosafety monitoring into Indonesian territory. Utilizing advances in pest detection technology in the industrial era 4.0 could provide benefits in the agricultural sectors. Various detection technologies using drones and bio-sensors have contributed in the field of plant protection, especially as pest detection and monitoring tools in the field. Furthermore, the establishment of proficiency certification agency for plant quarantine systems may contribute efficient and effective operations in the near future.

Phytosanitary examination: Ukraine experience and international standards

The article explores Ukraine’s experience in conducting phytosanitary expertise based on international standards. It was stated that Ukraine should develop a series of draft in national legislation in the field of quarantine and plant protection, which would be adapted to the legislation of the European Union and at the same time meet the requirements of the International Plant Protection Convention. In this area, Ukraine has already partially implemented some structural reforms in the phytosanitary sector, but these processes require continued state support and encouragement, international coordination that will facilitate the development of agriculture in general. Such coordination can be undertaken primarily in the framework of international universal organisations within the UN system, in particular within FAO. It has been emphasised that Law of Ukraine No. 2501-VIII “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Regulation of Some Phytosanitary Procedures” came into force on February 2, 2019. Among the innovations are the granting of the right to carry out expert examination to private laboratories, new terms in the field of plant quarantine and the creation of the Register of Phytosanitary Certificates issued. It has been concluded that Ukraine is currently actively applying international standards, participating in their development and registering official translations of international standards for phytosanitary measures. Developing national and applying international standards, as a key factor in creating a quality system in the field of plant quarantine, not only ensure full fulfilment by Ukraine of its obligations under the IPPC and SPS, agreeing on the phytosanitary safety of exported quarantine cargoes, but also increase the competitiveness of the domestic vegetal products in the world market. This creates a positive image of Ukraine as a reliable trading partner that does not violate the requirements of other countries and guarantees the conformity of product quality, phytosanitary procedures to internationally recognised standards. Therefore, for qualified phytosanitary examinations, the mechanism of guaranteeing compliance with national and international standards, amending legislation, introducing effective penalties for violation of the rules and procedure for conducting phytosanitary examinations should be a promising area

An Updated Global Species Diversity and Phylogeny in the Forest Pathogenic Genus Heterobasidion (Basidiomycota, Russulales)

Heterobasidion species are amongst the most intensively studied polypores because several species are aggressive white rot pathogens of managed coniferous forests mainly in Europe and North America. In the present study, both morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses were carried out on Heterobasidion samples from Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Three new taxa were found, i.e., H. armandii, H. subinsulare, and H. subparviporum are from Asia and are described as new species. H. ecrustosum is treated as a synonym of H. insulare. So far, six taxa in the H. annosum species complex are recognized. Heterobasidion abietinum, H. annosum, and H. parviporum occur in Europe, H. irregulare, and H. occidentale in North America, and H. subparviporum in East Asia. The North American H. irregulare was introduced to Italy during the Second World War. Species in the H. annosum complex are pathogens of coniferous trees, except H. subparviporum that seems to be a saprotroph. Ten species are found in the H. insulare species complex, all of them are saprotrophs. The pathogenic species are distributed in Europe and North America; the Asian countries should consider the European and North American species as entry plant quarantine fungi. Parallelly, European countries should consider the American H. occidentale and H. irregulare as entry plant quarantine fungi although the latter species is already in Italy, while North America should treat H. abietinum, H. annosum s.s., and H. parviporum as entry plant quarantine fungi. Eight Heterobasidion species found in the Himalayas suggest that the ancestral Heterobasidion species may have occurred in Asia.