B. D. Karvasarsky and psychotherapy establishment as a distinct discipline, homo faber, to the 90-th anniversary since birth

The establishment of psychotherapy and clinical psychology in a Russia is a very complicated and contradictive process. B. D. Karvassarsky has played an essential, key role in the psychotherapy formation as a science and distinct discipline. The article describes the crucial points of this discipline development, presents the main key studies of this mental health field. The Leningrad-Saint-Petersburg psychotherapy school maid a serious impact in the modern Russian neurosology cornerstone issues, that allowed to consider the multidimensional aspects of this pathology. This publication emphasizes the recent research results in this field, makes a deep analysis of the target phenomena understanding in different approaches, other methods integration in personality oriented reconstructive psychotherapy, elaboration of the nosocentric target oriented psychotherapy algorithms and strategies, and also different psychotherapy interventions research.

Effectivity of Psychotherapy Interventions for Anxiety in Medical Students: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: The mental health of medical students has long been a topic of concern in many countries. Much research in Europe reported that around 30% of medical students suffered from anxiety. Anxiety disorders have significant physical and emotional consequences. Various studies show that excessive, unmanaged stress related to poor academic performance in medical students leads to cynical personalities, lack of empathy, and suicidal ideas. AIM: This study aimed to identify studies for psychotherapy interventions carried out in medical students and analyze each impact on anxiety level in medical students. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted with evidence sourced from 2000 to 2020. The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The study was registered with the Prospective Registering of Systematic Reviews database (Protocol ID: CRD42020180650). RESULTS: Twenty-three studies meet the inclusion criteria, and there are various psychotherapy interventions to deal with anxiety. Most studies reported that students who received mindfulness-based interventions reported lower anxiety, depression, and stress. CONCLUSION: There are various interventions carried out to decrease stress levels, depression, and anxiety in medical students. The most effective psychotherapy was found in cognitive and behavior intervention and mindfulness intervention.

Classification of psychotherapy interventions for people with schizophrenia: development of the Nottingham Classification of Psychotherapies

BackgroundCurrently, there is no accepted system for the classification of psychotherapies for application within systematic reviews. The creation of anuncomplicated, understandable and practical classification system is neccessary for conducting reliable systematic reviews.ObjectiveTo devise a system for classification of psychotherapy interventions—for use, initially, in systematic reviews.MethodsCochrane Schizophrenia’s Register used as the source of randomised controlled trial. After being piloted and refined at least twice, finally we applied it to all relevant trials within the register. Basic statistical data already held within the register were extracted and used to calculate the distribution of schizophrenia research by form of psychotherapy.FindingsThe final classification system consisted of six definable broad ‘boughs’ two of which were further subdivided into ‘branches’. The taxonomy accommodated all psychotherapy interventions described in the register. Of the initial 1645 intervention categories within the register, after careful recoding, 539 (33%) were psychotherapies (234 coded as ‘Thought/Action’ (cognitive & behavioural)—1495 studies; 135 ‘Cognitive Functioning’—652 studies; 113 ‘Social’—684 studies; 55 ‘Humanistic’—272 studies; 23 ‘Psychoanalytic/dynamic’—40 studies; and 63 ‘Other’—387 studies). For people with schizophrenia, across categories, the average size of psychotherapy trial is small (107) but there are notable and important exceptions.ConclusionWe reported a practical method for categorising psychotherapy interventions in evaluative studies with applications beyond schizophrenia. A move towards consensus on the classification and reporting of psychotherapies is needed.Clinical implicationsThis classification can aid clinicians, clinical practice guideline developers, and evidence synthesis experts to recognise and compare the interventions from same or different classes.

Classification of Psychotherapy Interventions for People with Schizophrenia: Development of the Nottingham Classification of Psychotherapies

Background Currently, there is no accepted system for the classification of psychotherapies for application within systematic reviews is timely. Objective To devise a system for classification of psychotherapy interventions - for use, initially, in systematic reviews. Methods Cochrane Schizophrenia's Register used as the source of RCTs. After being piloted and refined at least twice, finally we applied it to all relevant trials within the register. Basic statistical data already held within the register were extracted and used to calculate the distribution of schizophrenia research by form of psychotherapy. Findings The final classification system consisted of six definable broad 'boughs' two of which were further subdivided into 'branches'. The taxonomy accommodated all psychotherapy interventions described in the Register. Of the initial 1645 intervention categories within the Register, after careful recoding, 539 (33%) were psychotherapies (234 coded as 'Thought/Action' (cognitive & behavioural) - 1495 studies; 135 'Cognitive Functioning' - 652 studies; 113 'Social' - 684 studies; 55 'Humanistic' - 272 studies; 23 'Psychoanalytic/dynamic' - 40 studies; and 63 'Other' - 387 studies). For people with schizophrenia, across categories, the average size of psychotherapy trial is small (107) but there are notable and important exceptions. Conclusion We reported a practical method for categorising psychotherapy interventions in evaluative studies with applications beyond schizophrenia. A move towards consensus on the classification and reporting of psychotherapies is needed. Clinical Implications This classification can help the clinicians, clinical practice guideline developers, and evidence synthesis experts to recognise and compare the interventions from same or different classes.

Videokonsultationen durch Psychotherapeuten – Wirksamkeit, Gestaltung des Settings und erste Erfahrungen aus einer Machbarkeitsstudie sowie mit dem Routineangebot in der COVID-19-Pandemie

Given the SARS-CoV2 crisis and the resulting constraints for face-to-face treatment, video consultations recently gained a major role in the delivery of health care services. Until now, most psychotherapists have gained little experience with conducting video consultations, not least because of poor possibilities for reimbursement from statutory health insurance. This article provides (1) an overview of the effectiveness of psychotherapy interventions delivered via video consultations, (2) guidance for setting up and conducting these consultations and (3) first experiences from a feasibility trial and from the provision in routine care in a hospital during the SARS-CoV2 crisis.