Preparation of Pectin Films from Coffee Cherry and Its Antibacterial Activity

This study aimed to utilize the waste from the coffee bean production process as high value-added material. Pectin extracted from the coffee pulp was classified as low methoxyl pectin (LMP) with the Degree of Esterification (DE) at 33.33 % For further application or upscaling production, the coffee pulp was boiled to retrieve the highest yield at 15.68 g/100 g DW. The antimicrobial assays of crude pectin via minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) showed that coffee pectin could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466 in the range of 2.5 - 0.62 mg, while the commercial apple pectin exhibited the inhibition only slightly. The pectin film from the coffee pectin blended with the commercial apple pectin also exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus TISTR 1466. This study shows that coffee pectin could be an alternative material for antibacterial film and other applications. HIGHLIGHTS Pectin extracted from the coffee pulp by this extraction method is classified as low methoxyl pectin with the degree of esterification (DE) at 33.33 % which retrieve the highest yield at 15.68 g/100 g DW of coffee pulp The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the coffee pectin against Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 1466 in the range of 2.5 - 0.62 mg, while the commercial apple pectin did not exhibit antimicrobial activity The pectin film from the coffee pectin 5 % blended with the commercial apple pectin also exhibited antimicrobial activity against aureus TISTR 1466 Given its antibacterial activities, as well as the ability to form film, coffee pectin could be potentially used for application in biomedical or pharmaceutical fields. Importantly, pectin from the coffee pulp could add more value to coffee by-products GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antibacterial Effectiveness of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) Extract with Different Solvent

This research was aims to determine the antibacterial characteristics of seaweed extract Eucheuma cottonii with different solvents against bacteria Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi, to determine the diameter of the inhibition zone and the minimum inhibition concentration of Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi bacteria. The research method used was an experimental method by extraction of Eucheuma cottonii with different solvents, namely ethanol 96% and hexane. The analysis parameters consisted of phytochemical identification tested, antibacterial tested, inhibition zone diameter, and minimum inhibition concentration. The results showed that E. cottonii seaweed extracted with ethanol 96% had of yield 3.16% and hexane 2.19%. The results of the phytochemical identification test (qualitative) showed a positive presence of phenolic compounds, steroids/triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins. Both extractions are classified as having antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi bacteria. The 6% concentration of ethanol 96% solvent was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Bacillus cereus bacteria with 7.33 mm of inhibition zone diameter. Meanwhile, the 4% concentration of ethanol 96% solvent was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella typhi bacteria with 5 mm of inhibition zone diameter. Antibacterial from seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) extracted with ethanol 96% and hexane solvent tends to be more effective in inhibiting the growth of Bacillus cereus bacteria than bacteria Salmonella typhi.Keywords: Eucheuma cottonii, Ethanol, Hexane, Antibacterial

Sensitivity of Pseudomonas sp., from Ettawa Crossbreed Goat (PE) in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) against antibiotic

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong><em>Pseudomonas sp</em>., is bacteria that subclinical mastitis cause in Ettawa crossbreed goat (PE) in special region of Yogyakarta (DIY). Subclinical mastitis in PE goat can be treated with antibiotic during dry period or one week after the milking. The aim of these study was to determined sensitivity <em>Pseudomonas sp</em>., isolate from PE goat subclinical mastitis in DIY against antibiotic that use in the field.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 23 <em>Pseudomonas sp</em>., isolate on nutrient agar slope were used in this study. All <em>Pseudomonas sp</em>., isolate on nutrient agar slope were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium and identified based on biochemical reaction. The sensitivity of <em>Pseudomonas sp</em>., isolate against antibiotic tested by diffusion agar with paper discs antibiotic with determine the concentration.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), the <em>Pseudomonas sp</em>., isolate was sensitive tetracycline, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, and resistant sulfamethoxazole.<strong></strong></p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The PE goat subclinical mastitis disease in DIY which caused by <em>Pseudomonas sp.</em>, can be treated with tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of False Yam (Icacina oliviformis) Extracts on Microbes

This study compares the phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of Icacina oliviformis tuber and seed extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aerugino­sa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. False yam tubers were washed and peeled and the mesocarp removed to obtain the seeds. Methanol was used to obtain tuber and seed extracts of the false yam, after they were pulverized. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids and glycosides in both extracts but the proportion of tannins and alkaloids were relatively higher in false yam seed extract than tuber extract. Antimicrobial assay showed that both extracts had antimicrobial activity justifying its use in the treatment of diseases in Northern Ghana. False yam seed extract had a relatively higher antimicrobial activity than tuber extract. The least minimum inhibition concentration recorded was 1.56 mg/ ml for false yam seed on Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. False yam seed extract exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms than the tuber extract, this provides a cheaper source of antimicrobial agent to treat infectious diseases. Keywords: False yam tuber, False yam seed, Icacina oliviformis, Phytochemical screening, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), Microorganisms

Investigation of Constituents of Oil from the Seeds of Moringa oleifera Plant and Its Biological Activity

Oil of the dry seeds of Moringa oleifera was obtained by maceration using n- Hexane. GC/MS analysis was performed using a shimadzu QP2010 plus series gas chromatography coupled with shimadzu mass spectroscopy detector. Characterization of constituents was done by comparison with the MS library (NIST) and further confirmed by interpreting the observed fragmentation pattern. Comparison of the mass spectra with the database on MS library revealed about 90-95% match. The most common major constituents of the oil include: 10-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (48.78%), Octadecanoic acid methyl ester (7.97%), Methyl ricinolleate (14.59%). The antimicrobial screening of the oil was also performed: Strong antimicrobial potency was shown against Staphylococus aureus. The oil was also active against the fungal species Aspergillus niger. Significant antifungal potency against Candida albicans was also observed. Minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal/ fungicidal activities were also evaluated for the sample: minimum inhibition concentration was recorded at 12.50mg/ml for all the test organisms except Bacillius cereus and Escherachia coli. Minimum bactericidal potential against test organisms at 50mg/ml was observed for morimga oleifera seed oil.

Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Geranium homeanum Turez Leaves

Geranium homeanum Turez is a herbaceous plant used as an empirical medicine. This research was carried out to test the antibacterial activity and determine minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with agar diffution method and phytochemical analysis of geranium leaves by Harbone method. The young and old geranium leaves were blended then filtrated. The obtained filtrate was divided into two parts, one part heated by autoclave and the other was unheated. Each filtrate was tested against to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Geranium leaves filtrate having the highest antibacterial activity was heated at 500C until it become dry powder. The powder was used to measure MIC and phytochemical analysis.The results showed that the antibacterial activity of young leaves filtrate was higher than the old leaves filtrat, and the unheated leaves filtrate was higher than heated filtrate one. MIC of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, were as follows 15 mg/ml and 20 mg/mL respectively. The antibacterial activity of powder geranium’s leaves filtrate was weaker than 100 µg/mL ampicilline. Phytochemical analysis of geranium leaves showed positive contents of alkaloid and triterpenoid.

Uji Aktivitas Antifungi Ekstrak Etanol Biji Timun Suri (Cucumis melo L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans secara In Vitro

Alternatif antifungi semakin ditingkatkan pada pemanfaatan bahan alam, salah satunya adalah penggunaan Biji Timun Suri. Biji Timun Suri mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin dan saponin yang berefek sebagai antifungi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antifungi ekstrak Biji Timun Suri (Cucumis melo L.) terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans secara in vitro. Pengujian aktivitas antifungi dilakukan secara mikrodilusi dengan penentuan MIC (minimum inhibition concentration). Rentang konsentrasi yang digunakan adalah 3,25%, 6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50%. Pengujian dilanjutkan dengan penentuan MFC (minimum fungicidal concrentration) dengan metode TPC (Total Pour Plate) dan ditegaskan dengan uji statistik one way Anava. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai MIC esktrak Biji Timun Suri diperoleh pada konsentrasi 50%. Ekstrak Biji timun suri konsentrasi 50% efektif menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans dengan hasil yang sebanding dengan ketokonazole sebagai kontrol positif. Kemampuan ekstrak Biji Timun Suri dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur masih bersifat fungistatik dengan melihat pada uji MFC masih terdapat pertumbuhan koloni pada media.