ools and Methodologies for Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions for FCDO Programme Planning

This report provides a review of the tools and methodologies for the calculation of greenhouse emissions for development projects in sectors such as water supply and sanitation, infrastructure, finance and governance sectors. The report undertakes a comparative analysis of the different tools and methodologies employed by different international financial institutions for the calculation of carbon footprinting for investment projects they finance. The institutions include; the Inter-America Development Bank, the International Financial Institution (IFI) Technical Working Group (TWG), the European Investment Bank, and the Asian Development Bank. The review notes that due to the varied nature of the tools and methodologies for calculation of greenhouse emissions in the financial sectors, there is a need to ensure that the methodologies employed adhere to the basic principles of completeness, consistency, transparency, conservativeness, balance, accuracy, and relevance.

THE ROLE OF THE WORLD BANK IN THE GLOBAL LENDING SYSTEM

This article describes the structure and role of the largest international financial institution, the World Bank, which provides credit services through two institutions, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, established in 1944, and the International Development Association, established in 1960, in the global lending system and the specifics of recent years. The structure of the World Bank, which unites about 200 countries, occupies a prominent place in the financial system of the world. Since investment and development loans are a source of financing for the developing and lagging countries of the world. The object of the study is the credit indicators provided by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association to States in various regions in the period from 2016 to 2019. The article uses the method of comparative research. As a result, a sufficient assessment of the projects implemented by the international financial organization will be given.

Transition Programs

Many of the countries that are now among the poorest are stuck in a syndrome of fragility. Social, political, and economic characteristics interact in a dysfunctional, but locally stable, equilibrium. The transition from this trap requires highly distinctive International Financial Institution (IFI) policies. For much of the time, since the society is trapped by its own internal pressures, no IFI action can ignite transformation. But fragility periodically triggers potential change and during these “pivotal moments” IFI help can be decisive. However, because the situation is highly constrained, normal programs are liable to be ineffective. The path out of fragility must be set by the government and kept sufficiently simple that success gradually cumulates from seemingly modest early steps. The sinews of state effectiveness can be built, but the process of building them is analogous to erecting scaffolding: it cannot be understood by studying states that have long been in a well-functioning equilibrium.

UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: A MODERN CHANGE IN THE VECTOR OF COOPERATION

The article presents the results of the analysis of the current state of financial and credit relations between Ukrainian economic entities and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Currently, this issue is becoming surprisingly relevant for Ukraine, due to the lack of domestic financial resources, and therefore there is a need for active development of cooperation with this international financial institution in the context of resource support of expensive national projects. The purpose of the article is to conduct a study of current areas of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, their current status and possible prospects. There are substantiated the guiding principles of the organization of mutual cooperation of the EBRD with private and state economic entities during support of the transformation processes in Ukraine. Prospects for further development of cooperation with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are analyzed. To emphasize the importance of the role of the EBRD, there are given specific examples of successful projects, which are implemented with the financial support of the bank. Were identified the industries to which the vast majority of financial resources are directed and also was analyzed the dynamics of lending for the last 6 years. There is noted a reorientation of the target direction of loans for the implementation of infrastructure projects in comparison with the projects of other industries for the last period. Examples of refusals to finance projects are given and their reasons are analyzed. Was made an analysis of the dynamics of obtaining credit resources from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in quantitative and cost terms. Were identified the directions of the impact of the EBRD's cooperation with Ukraine on key areas of the national economy and also was provided an assessment of the potential benefits from the implementation of planned projects. It is proposed to create an advisory group of highly qualified banking specialists who carry out preliminary evaluation of projects and provide recommendations on their compliance with EBRD requirements. Based on the assessment of the current state of Ukraine's cooperation with the EBRD, expectations and forecasts were formed regarding its potential opportunities for development in the near future.

2547. Prioritizing Antimicrobial Resistance Learning Objectives Through a Modified, Two-Round, One-Day Delphi at a Multidisciplinary Conference

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health problem, but the learning needs of the medical profession on this topic are not well understood. The World Health Organization has called for better educational resources on AMR. Thus, we aimed to identify AMR learning objectives for physicians and medical trainees. Methods We designed a modified, two-round Delphi process to build consensus around these objectives, recruiting attendees at a one-day, multidisciplinary, international AMR symposium. Through review of the literature and discussion with experts in AMR, we generated an initial list of 17 objectives. We asked participants to rate the importance of including each objective in an AMR curriculum for physicians on a 5-point Likert scale, which ranged from “do not include” (1) to “very important to include” (5). Consensus for inclusion was predefined as ≥ 80% of participants rating the objective ≥ 4. Results The first round was completed by 30 participants, and the second by 21. Nobody declined to participate, but several people had to leave between rounds. Participants included physicians, researchers, graduate students, and a pharmacist, foundation manager, patient advocate, leader of an international financial institution, health administrator, and biomedical scientist. After the first round, 16 objectives met the consensus criteria, and participants suggested five additional topics. After the second round, 12 objectives met the consensus criteria (see Table 1). Objectives related to treatment of AMR most frequently met consensus criteria. Specific objectives with the highest consensus ratings were related to identifying infections not requiring antibiotics and recognizing the importance of using the narrowest spectrum antibiotic for the shortest period of time. Conclusion We successfully employed a modified, one-day Delphi process at an international, multidisciplinary AMR symposium to build consensus among experts and stakeholders regarding key learning objectives for AMR. This technique may be useful for guideline committees and other taskforces in the Infectious Diseases community. Our generated list may be useful for those developing AMR training materials for medical students and physicians. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Foreword

2019 begins with worrying prospects regarding certain realities of the world economy.The International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced at the end of January 2019 that it revised downwards the forecasts for world economic developments over the period 2019-2020, given the persistence of trade tensions and rising political risks, AFP reported.As for the second downgrade of estimates announced by the IMF in the last three months of 2018, the international financial institution warns that a slowdown over the expectations of the Chinese economy and a possible Brexit without a deal are the main risks to its estimates, adding that they could aggravate turmoil on financial markets...............

Part III Human Health and Human Rights, 15 Our Oceans, Our Livelihoods: The World Bank and Oceans Governance

This chapter focuses on the role of the World Bank in ocean governance. Created in 1944, the World Bank is an international financial institution belonging to the United Nations (UN) system. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The chapter first provides an institutional overview and structure of the World Bank before discussing its position in the UN system as well as its mission. It then considers the World Bank’s role in the conservation and management of oceans, and particularly in the areas of food security, marine biodiversity and climate change. It also examines the World Bank’s strategy towards helping to restore ocean health to an optimal through its so-called blue projects.