PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEED PRODUCTION FOR FUR ANIMALS

The article considers the species of fur animals bred in Ukraine. The volumes of fur production and the number of animal farms in the world and Ukraine are analyzed, of which Denmark, China and Poland are in the top three. The share in the total volume of fur production in Ukraine is only 1%. Domestic enterprises for breeding fur animals, which keep about 700 thousand minks in industrial conditions, are considered.The structure of the gastrointestinal tract of carnivorous and herbivorous fur animals, their consumption of nutrients and biologically active substances in feed were analyzed. Features of feeding fur animals are determined by the seasonality of vital functions, which determines changes in metabolism and nutritional value of feed. The importance of access to fresh drinking water in the diets of carnivorous fur animals is considered.The necessity of production of compound feeds for fur animals, which meet the norms of feeding and restrictions on the introduction of components, is substantiated.The need of fur-bearing animals in nutrients and biologically active substances for the production of high-quality nutritious compound feeds, for obtaining high-quality shine and density of fur, better digestibility by the body is shown. The ratios of digestible nutrients in the diets of minks of domestic and Scandinavian breeds are given, the percentage of metabolic energy in different feeding periods is given. The low percentage of compound feed production for fur farming is substantiated.Types of compound feeds and their advantages are presented. Technological methods of production of compound feeds for fur animals such as extrusion, expansion and granulation with the introduction of fat into the press granulator are analyzed. Finished feed should be solid and have a granule size of 4.5… 5 mm for grinding cutters, with high nutritional properties and biological value, and improved sanitation. Thanks to modern technologies, harmful microflora is disinfected and shelf life is increased.The state of domestic feed mills for the production of quality feed for fur animals is analyzed. Thanks to the emergence of new recipes and compliance with feeding standards, the technology of compound feed production for fur farming is being improved.

Hunting

The chapter outline which species were hunted in the boreal forest and how they were hunted or trapped, and which animals were hunted in the mountains. The conditions for hunting were better in the boreal forest than in the mountains due to differences in topography, habitats, and species composition. Hunting led to extinction of wild reindeer and depopulation of fur animals; while small-game hunting for subsistence continued to be important. In the forest region, strong property rights to game developed through the skatteland, and hunting was a private enterprise. Hunting in the mountain region developed in the opposite direction and was open access after the wild reindeer was extinct. Hunting became important for social justice, and poor Sami had access to hunting grounds

Hunting by Early Modern Lule Sami Households

Hunting was one of three pillars, along with fishing and reindeer husbandry in the early modern Sami economy, and understanding of Sami hunting has increased during recent decades. However, most research has concentrated on time periods before AD 1600. After AD 1600 and the initial formation of modern Nordic countries, hunting ceased to be the backbone of the overall Sami economy but continued as an integral part of household economies. Our aim is to advance understanding of early modern hunting in northwestern interior Fennoscandia. Using source materials including court rulings and historical accounts, we set out from a self-governance perspective focusing on how actors solved resource distribution with regards to hunting. We show that ecological differences between mountains and forest impacted decisions about hunting. From the 1500s to the end of the 1700s, hunting led to the extinction of wild reindeer and depopulation of fur animals, while small-game hunting for subsistence continued to be important. In the forest region, strong property rights to game developed when skatteland (tax land) was established and hunting became a private enterprise. We suggest that the institution of skatteland was a response to changes in Sami economy, and the transition from collective to individual hunting was a contributing factor.

On the Helminth Fauna of the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766)) in the Barnim District of Brandenburg State/Germany

The muskrat is a neozoon species that has occupied many countries of continental North Europe after its introduction from north America as fur animals. Due to its burrowing activity it damages river and canal banks and structures of flood control. For this reason, the eradication of this alien species is recommended. Muskrats are also of parasitological interest since they can act as suitable intermediate hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis. On the other hand, little is known on the other helminths that infect muskrats. A total of 130 muskrats of different age groups trapped in different habitats in the Barnim district of the Brandenburg state by a professional hunter were examined for parasites and seven trematodes (Echinostoma sp., Notocotylus noyeri, Plagiorchis elegans, Plagiorchis arvicolae, Psilosostoma simillimum, P. spiculigerum, Opisthorchis felineus and four larval cestode species (Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Taenia martis, Taenia polyacantha, Taenia crassiceps) were detected. Larval stages of E. multilocularis were not found. O. felineus was found for the first time in muskrats in Germany. All the named parasites were present in Europe prior to the introduction of muskrats. With a prevalence of 48.9%, Strobilocercus fasciolaris, the larval stage of the cat tapeworm, H. taeniaeformis, was the most frequent parasite found in adult muskrats.

Deubiquitination of MITF-M Regulates Melanocytes Proliferation and Apoptosis

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M (MITF-M) is the key gene in the proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes, which undergoes an array of post-translation modifications. As shown in our previous study, deubiquitinase USP13 is directly involved in melanogenesis. However, it is still ambiguous that the effect of USP13-mediated MITF-M expression on melanocytes proliferation and apoptosis. Herein, we found that MITF-M overexpressing melanocytes showed high cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and increased melanin levels. Besides, melanin-related genes, TYR, DCT, GPNMB, and PMEL, were significantly up-regulated in MITF-M overexpressing melanocytes. Furthermore, Exogenous USP13 significantly upregulated the endogenous MITF-M protein level, downregulated USP13 significantly inhibited MITF-M protein levels, without altering MITF-M mRNA expression. In addition, USP13 upregulation mitigated the MITF-M degradation and significantly increased the half-life of MITF-M. Also, USP13 stabilized the exogenous MITF protein levels. In conclusion, the MITF-M level was regulated by USP13 deubiquitinase in melanocytes, affecting melanocytes proliferation and apoptosis. This study provides the theoretical basis for coat color transformation that could be useful in the development of the new breed in fur animals.

Optimization of the process of compound feed pelleting for fur animals

Currently, fur farming products are becoming more and more in demand. With the increase in the number of fur-bearing animals, it is necessary to produce compound feeds that provide high quality furs with minimal feed costs. Compound feed recipes with a fat content of 20% and higher were developed for fur animals. Feeding fodder in the form of granules produced by the technology, one of the stages of which is the process of granulating compound fodders with a high fat content with reasonable operating parameters of the granulator press, is expedient. Process studies using the method of statistical planning of a multivariate experiment were carried out to determine the optimal granulation parameters. The following factors influencing the process under consideration were chosen: the amount of added fat, the steam consumption, the gap between the roll and the press die. Specific energy consumption and crumbling served as criteria for assessing the influence of the selected parameters, which make it possible to assess adequately the efficiency of the process. The data obtained showed that the process of pelleting compound feed at optimal parameters makes it possible to obtain pellets, the quality of which meets the requirements of the standard. All the data obtained were within the calculated confidence intervals of the optimization parameters. The change in the quality indicators of the obtained granulated compound feed during storage was also investigated in the work. Changes in the quality of granulated compound feed during storage testified that the values of total acidity and acid number of fat increased significantly after two months of storage due to hydrolysis of fat in conditions of free oxygen access. The value of the peroxide number of fat, which reflects the depth of oxidative changes in the compound feed, increased sharply after two months of storage. The content of vitamins A and E during the storage of compound feed for 45 days in summer was 12.3% and 10.5% of the initial values, respectively. The recommended shelf life of granulated feed with a high fat content in winter-spring period is 60 days, in summer - 45 days.

DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF IRON PREPARATIONS AND PRINCIPLES THERAPY FOR IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

The key factor of non-infectious diseases of iron deficiency anemia, which slows down the growth and development of fur-bearing animals of various breeds, is a violation of iron metabolism in the body, which leads to a deterioration in the condition and quality of furs. This is due to the fact that iron is an essential element by which most of the processes and functions in the body are car-ried out. It has been shown that the use of preparations of ferrous and ferric iron leads to damage not only to the structural elements of the gastrointestinal tract, but also to other systems and organs, which is due to the fact that in the absence of oxygen in the tissues, the reduction of iron from the ferric form to the ferrous form with further transfer electrons from ferrous iron to hydrogen perox-ide causes the formation of a hydroxyl radical, which launches a program for self-destruction. It is proposed to solve the problem of the use of iron preparations for oral use in fur farming, as in-dustries where they are not used enough, to conduct research on the development and study of the effect of physiologically and pharmacologically active compounds based on a polymer (iron-hydroxide polymantose) on fur animals for the treatment and prevention of microelemetosis. It is being solved by the collective of the Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Moscow State Academy of Medical Sciences and Biology. Scriabin together with the research and production company LLC Firm "A-BIO" on the basis of an analysis of literary and patent sources, production technologies, pharmacological characteristics of ongoing research to develop and study the effect of physiologically and pharmacologically active compounds based on polymer (iron-hydroxide polymantose) on fur animals in the treatment and prevention of iron deficiency anemia.

TRICHINELLOSIS OF THE STONE MARTEN (MARTES FOINA) IN CENTRAL RUSSIA

Over the past 5 years, research has been carried out in natural biocenosis on the stone marten (Martes foina) infected with the pathogen of trichinellosis in Central Russia. Biological material for research was collected in hunting farms, reserves and "green zones" of the Central Region of Russia (the Vladimir, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Tula, Ryazan, Oryol and Bryansk regions) during the opening of amateur sports hunting for fur animals from 2017 to 2021. Diagnostics and isolation of helminth larvae from animal muscle tissue samples were performed by the compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion in artificial gastric juice. The degree of host invasion with helminth and invasion intensity were determined. A total of 35 animals were studied. As a result of studies, the infection rate of helminthozoonosis in animals was from 8.3 to 40.0%. The intensity of invasion was recorded between 2 and 39 larvae in 1 g of diaphragm muscle tissue. Trichinella invasion among martens was observed equally in both males and females. The largest percentage of the invasive form of the helminthiasis pathogen occurred in animals older than 2 years. The adverse situation of helminthozoonosis among fur animals was noted in the Ryazan region.

Etiologic structure of animal leptospirosis in the republic of sakha (Уakutia)

Over the period of research from 2003 to 2019 years, only 247 foci of leptospirosis of animals were registered in Yakutia, including: cattle – 61 (25.5 %), horses –159 (65.4 %), pigs –13 (5.3 %), small cattle – 8 (3.2 %), fur animals – 1 (0.4 %), bison – 4 (1.6 %). At the same time, a significant part of the foci of leptospirosis falls on horse breeding – 65.4 %. The largest number of disadvantaged points was established in 2008–49, including in horse breeding farms – 34 (69.4 %). An increase in the spread of the disease can be observed from 2003 to 2008 with a frequency of two years, and from 2008 – four years. Over the past 15 years, the introduction of leptospirosis pathogens has been established in 29 districts of the republic. It has been established that in the republic the main circulating serogroups of leptospirare Hebdomadis, Tarassovi, Icterohaemorrahagiae, Grippotyphosa, Canicola and Pomona. In zones of local economic stress, the source for the emergence and spread of leptospirosis are farms with a high number of farm animals. Of particular note are epizootic manifestations of leptospirosis in the Central Zone, which currently accounted for 80 % of the total quantity, in the remaining zones ranges from 2.5 to 7.5 %. It was revealed that the largest number of positive results was revealed in the spring period from April to June, and in the winter period – from November to December.