"“The climbing boys” and the English society in the Industrial age: public pressure and legislative changes"

Lyuboslovie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 56-73
Author(s):  
Tatyana Lefterova-Stoycheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Child Labour ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Industrial Age ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
Public Pressure ◽  
Child Exploitation ◽  
English Society ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Legislative Changes

The practice of the climbing boys in the business of sweeping chimneys was spread in England during the Industrial Age (18th - 19th c.). The question of boys’ exploitation is part of the problem of child labour, but it precedes and outlives the overall child exploitation in the factories and mines. This is a sphere where the English society demonstrates conservatism and reluctance to change the attitude to the children of the poor families. The needed legislation was postponed and cost several generations of miserable and deprived boys, losing their health, and often their lives in the chimneys of the rich owners of buildings and mansions. The compassion of some citizens was not enough to convince the lawmakers that the life of children was more valuable than their houses. This was the main topic of the discussions between the lords and the reformers in the Parliament. The struggle for the protection of the climbing boys started in the late 18th c. and is considered successfully finished with the Act of 1875.

scholarly journals RELIGIOSITY IN CHARLES DICKENS’ CHRISTMAS NOVELS A Study of Structural Genetic

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Robert Juni Tua Sitio ◽  
Yumna Rasid ◽  
Aceng Rahmat
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
World View ◽  
Religion And Literature ◽  
Genetic Approach ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
The Poor ◽  
English Society ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Good Interpretation ◽  
Experience Effect

The objective of this research was to understand comprehensively the meaning and existence of religiosity in Dickens’ Christmas Novels. It was a qualitative research by using structural genetic approach. The data were collected by using content analysis to classify the frequency of the concept or the code of the text. Then conducting them towards dimension of religiosity. The data analysis and interpretation indicates that (1) Dimensions of religiosity exist in intrinsic structures such theme, plot, character, setting indicate the importance of religiosity to make a better world. (2) Social structure indicates the gap between the rich and the poor in English society. (3) The author’s world view indicates man’s experience effect human character as religious or irreligious person. The findings lead to recommendation to practice literary research on religion and literature as well as motivate students gaining knowledge and good interpretation of the text and the context of religiosity.  

scholarly journals Hypocricy of the Rich vs Honesty of the Poor in the English Society of the 18$^\text{th}$ Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2 (22)) ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Vicky Tchaparian
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Critical Attitude ◽  
The Poor ◽  
English Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Poetic Justice ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Different Levels

During the 18th century, life was unpleasant and disturbing due to the Horrible Plague and the Great Fire that attacked England and turned the English society upside down. There was a big gap between the rich and the poor. Violence and crimes were everywhere. However, along with all the misfortunes, 18th century was also a period of elegance for England. Education flourished, and the novel genre developed impressively along with fine music and theatre performances. During these times, the rich led a luxurious life, while the poor in extreme poverty hardly preserved their miserable existence. The whole atmosphere was that of contrasts between brightness and staleness, wellness and sickness, abundance and insufficiency, virtue and vice, along with charity and selfishness which, combined with other characteristic features of the English society, created a chaotic situation. Henry Fielding’s novel, The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams, often called Joseph Andrews artistically mingles all these contrasts on different levels of different aspects of life, depicting the age he lived in while giving credit to the poor and the abandoned, making the good successfully triumphant and the bad miserably overwhelmed until at the end he makes his characters reach poetic justice punishing the vicious and rewarding the virtuous. The article aims at revealing the chaotic situation of the 18th century England through H. Fielding’s novel in question and the writer’s critical attitude to it.

Editor's Note

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. i-iii
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
Good Education ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

In this election year, 2004, people are grappling with the various forces that make up these United States. What forces encourage inclusion and which exclusion? Who is to be included and who excluded? Is this to be a country with wide discrepancies between the rich and the poor? Is this to be a country where public education is poorly funded and a good education depends upon private resources? Are we going to forget that discrimination on the basis of gender, race, ethnic origin, and economic status still exists and needs to be perpetually, vigilantly addressed? There is a deep division in the country over the proper and fair use of our resources that constitutes concern in all our citizens

Goods and service tax is taking india by the storm

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-329
Author(s):  
PRAKASH S ◽  
MURALIDHARAN J
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Retail Outlet ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
The Rich

France was the first country to implement GST to reduce tax- evasion. Europeancountries have one rate of GST as they do not have poor families, unlike in India, wherefamilies cannot be burdened with the same tax as the rich. All credits will be online and somepenalties are like criminal activity. So it is threatening for the small businessman who is nowfree from Taxes. GST will be levied only at the final destination of consumption based onVAT principle and not at various points (from manufacturing to retail outlets). .Presently, atax is levied on when a finished product moves out from a factory, which is paid by themanufacturer, and it is again levied at the retail outlet when sold.

A Final Muse

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wendell Moller
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Why are kings without pity for their subjects? Because they count on never being common human beings. Why are the rich so hard toward the poor? It is because they have no fear of being poor. . . .—Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile; or, On Education1In Shakespeare’s ...

“One law for the rich and one law for the poor.”

1890 ◽  
Vol s7-IX (224) ◽  
pp. 288-288
Author(s):  
H. Fishwick
Keyword(s):  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

THE FINANCIAL RETURN OF CEREAL FARMING FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
LALISA ALEMAYEHU DUGUMA ◽  
IKA DARNHOFER ◽  
HERBERT HAGER
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Financial Return ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
The Rich

SUMMARYA study was conducted in Suba area, central highlands of Ethiopia, to assess the net return, land and labour productivity, and the return to scale of cereal farming practice. Seventy-five farmers belonging to three local wealth classes (poor, medium and rich) were randomly selected and interviewed about inputs and outputs related to cereal farming for the production year 2007/2008. Farm soil properties were investigated to check the variability in soil quality among the wealth classes. Benefit:cost ratio (BCR), net returns and annual profit were used to indicate the worthiness of the cereal farming activity. The return to scale was estimated by using the Cobb–Douglas production function. The results show that cereal farming is a rewarding practice, with the rich households gaining more profit than the poor. Farm size was the most important variable that affects the net return. There is an increasing return to scale. However, it is unlikely that farmers will have more land than they own at present because of the land shortage problem in the country caused by the increasing human population. Thus, attention should be given to minimizing the costs of production through proper regulation of domestic fertilizer costs and increasing labour productivity especially for the poor and medium households. The use of manure and compost as an additional fertilizer should also be promoted.

scholarly journals Vertical position can affect categorization of the rich and the poor in Chinese culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110257
Author(s):  
Qiong Li ◽  
Chen Deng ◽  
Bin Zuo ◽  
Xiaobin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
High Income ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

This study explored whether vertical position affects social categorization of the rich and the poor. Experiment 1 used high- and low-income occupations as stimuli, and found participants categorized high-income occupations faster when they were presented in the top vertical position compared to the bottom vertical position. In Experiment 2, participants responded using either the “up” or “down” key to categorize high- and low-income occupations, and responded faster to high-income occupations with the “up” key and low-income occupations with the “down” key. In Experiment 3, names identified as belonging to either rich or poor individuals were presented at the top or bottom of a screen, and the results were the same as in Experiments 1 and 2. These findings suggest that social categorization based on wealth involved perceptual simulations of vertical position, and that vertical position affects the social categorization of the rich and the poor.

The effects of debt restructurings on income inequality in the developing world

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110014
Author(s):  
Glen Biglaiser ◽  
Ronald J. McGauvran
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Developing countries, saddled with debts, often prefer investors absorb losses through debt restructurings. By not making full repayments, debtor governments could increase social spending, serving poorer constituents, and, in turn, lowering income inequality. Alternatively, debtor governments could reduce taxes and cut government spending, bolstering the assets of the rich at the expense of the poor. Using panel data for 71 developing countries from 1986 to 2016, we assess the effects of debt restructurings on societal income distribution. Specifically, we study the impact of debt restructurings on social spending, tax reform, and income inequality. We find that countries receiving debt restructurings tend to use their newly acquired economic flexibility to reduce taxes and lower social spending, worsening income inequality. The results are also robust to different model specifications. Our study contributes to the globalization and the poor debate, suggesting the economic harm caused to the less well-off following debt restructurings.

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