Herbage intake by steers grazing in a natural grassland with predominance of Andropogon lateralis Nees managed under different canopy heights

ABSTRACT: The animal performance on pasture is directly correlated to canopy structure since this influences the herbage consumption. This study was evaluated the effects of four pre-grazing canopy heights (12, 20, 28 and 36 cm) of Andropogon lateralis Ness on herbage intake and feeding behavior of steers in a natural grassland under intermittent stocking management, using the same proportion of defoliation (40% reduction in pre-grazing height, i.e., post-grazing heights of 7.2, 12.0, 16.8 and 21.6 cm). The experiment was conducted on a total area of 14,000 m2, divided into sixteen paddocks of 875 m2. Thirty-two steers were used, divided into uniform pairs according to the live weight (LW) at the start of the experiment (244 ± 23.0 kg). Each paddock was subdivided into three plots of identical area; the first two plots were used for the adaptation period and the third for the assessment period. A randomized block design was used with four replicates and two assessment periods. Herbage mass and neutral detergent fiber content increased linearly (P < 0,001) with the increase of pre-grazing canopy heights. In contrast, was not affected by treatments, with mean values of 75 g/kg of dry matter (DM) in the upper stratum and 83 g/kg of DM in lower stratum. The herbage intake was similar between treatments (P = 0.255), averaging 1.78% LW. Grazing time increased linearly in the upper stratum and decreased linearly in the lower stratum with increasing pre-grazing canopy heights. Total time spent grazing, ruminating, and idling did not differ between treatments, with means of 52.6%, 23.0%, and 24.2%, respectively. Pre-grazing canopy heights treatments, based on the predominant species A. lateralis, did not affect the daily herbage intake of steers.

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Beef heifers grazing behavior and herbage intake in natural grassland under rotational grazing

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20141227 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (11) ◽

pp. 2056-2062 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cezar Wankura Barbieri ◽

Fernando Luiz Ferreira de Quadros ◽

Felipe Jochims ◽

Bruno Castro Kuinchtner ◽

Thiago Henrique Nicola de Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Beef Heifers ◽

Rotational Grazing ◽

Grazing Behavior ◽

Bite Rate ◽

Herbage Intake ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Thermal Sum ◽

Natural Grassland ◽

Rest Intervals

It was evaluated the effect of two rest intervals between grazing occupations in rotational grazing; 375 and 750 DD (degree-days); based on the cumulative thermal sum necessary for leaf expansion of native grasses of two functional groups over the grazing behavior variables from beef heifers with 12 months old. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block design, with two treatments, three replications and measures repeated over time. Grazing behavior was assessed in three occasions (Nov 2011, Jan and Mar 2012), with 24h each. The herbage intake was estimated using an external marker (Cr2O3). The leaf mass was similar among the rest intervals, with a mean of 1261kg DM ha-1. The average grazing time was 627.4min day-1 and bite rate was 37.1 bites min-1. The average number of daily meals was 5.9 with an average of 118.5 minutes. Number of feeding stations visited per minute was 6.1 and the feeding stations permanence time was of 12 seconds. There was a reduction only on grazing time and bite rate over the periods. The range of thermal sums evaluated to define the rest intervals in rotational grazing proved no effect on heifers' grazing behavior and herbage intake

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Use of indigestible markers to estimate the apparent dry matter digestibility of diets containing a cocoa by-product

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2771 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 2771 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mércia Regina Pereira de Figueiredo ◽

Eloisa de Oliveira Simões Saliba ◽

Geraldo Sérgio Senra Carneiro Barbosa ◽

Filipe Aguiar e Silva ◽

Andressa Nathalie Nunes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Live Weight ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Bermuda Grass ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Internal Markers

Fecal production and apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) were evaluated using external markers (chromium oxide; titanium dioxide; isolated, purified, and enriched lignin (LIPE®); and isolated, purified, and enriched lignin nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) and internal markers (indigestible DM (IDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF) in diets based on Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp.) hay containing different concentrations of a cocoa by-product. Sixteen crossbred (Holstein × Zebu) dairy heifers with a mean live weight of 363.00 ± 27.70 kg were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement. The plots corresponded to the diets, which differed in the substitution of bermuda grass hay with different concentrations (0, 8, 16, and 24% of DM) of the cocoa by-product, whereas the splitplots represented the indigestible markers. Chromic oxide, LIPE®, NANOLIPE®, and INDF accurately estimated ADMD and fecal production whereas titanium dioxide, IDM, and IADF did not accurately estimate these parameters.

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Performance of confined sheep fed diets based on silages of different sorghum cultivars

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402017000300006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 454-464

Author(s):

Ricardo Martins Araujo PINHO ◽

Edson Mauro SANTOS ◽

Juliana Silva de OLIVEIRA ◽

Alexandre Fernandes PERAZZO ◽

Wandrick Hauss de SOUSA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Research ◽

Block Design ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Live Weight ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

And Performance

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of silages of different sorghum cultivars through digestibility and nutrient intake and performance of sheep. The experiment was conducted at the Pendência Experimental Station, of the State Company for Agricultural Research of Paraíba S.A. For the experiment, thirty-five rams were used, without defined breed, with average live weight of 17.7 kg, distributed in a completely randomized block design, with five diets and seven replicates to determine intake and performance; and 25 non-castrated rams, without defined breed, distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and five replicates, to determine the digestibility of nutrients. The average daily intake of dry matter was, on average, 994.66 g. Only the average intakes of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates, were affected by the diets. The weight gain (WG), feed conversion and feed efficiency of the animals receiving the diets suffered no effect. Silages of BRS 655, 610, 800, 810 and Ponta Negra provided similar intake and digestibility of nutrients. The use of silages of different sorghum cultivars (BRS 610, BRS 655, BRS 800, BRS 810 and Ponta Negra) in diets for confined sheep provide similar performance and intakes.

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COCONUT MEAL INCLUSION IN HIGH CONCENTRATE SHEEP DIETS AFFECTS FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND INTAKE1

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252021v34n321rc ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 692-701

Author(s):

PAULA FABRINY MAUÉS DA SILVA ◽

SARAH OLIVEIRA SOUSA PANTOJA ◽

FELIPE NOGUEIRA DOMINGUES ◽

ANIBAL COUTINHO DO RÊGO ◽

CRISTIAN FATURI

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Low Cost ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Feed Digestibility ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Body Weights ◽

Coconut Meal

ABSTRACT Coconut meal can be an affordable low-cost alternative to noble ingredients such as corn and soybean meal in sheep diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of coconut meal inclusions, when used as a corn and soybean meal replacement, on the intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance of sheep diets. Twenty-four male Santa Inês lambs with body weights (BW) of 26.6 ± 3.2 kg were used in the study. The animals were housed in metabolic cages and distributed in a completely randomized block design, with three treatments and eight replications. The animals received a total mixed ratio of 30% roughage (elephant grass) and 70% concentrate. The animals were fed on two experimental diets with 11% and 22% coconut meal inclusion and a control diet (without coconut meal). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) intake as a percentage of BW were negatively influenced by the inclusion of coconut meal. The ether extract (EE) intake increased but did not differ between the 11% and 22% coconut meal diets. Furthermore, the digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and ADF did not differ between the two evaluated diets. The inclusion of coconut meal reduced NDF digestibility and increased that of NFC. The level of inclusion of coconut meal in the diet must be based on the EE content in the meal; keeping the EE intake below 0.16% of the BW helped to avoid limited intake of feed.

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Supplementation Of Concentrate With Different Levels Of Protein On Nutrient Intake, Digestibility And Growth Of Red Chittagong Heifers

Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.3329/bjas.v37i1.9861 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 10-16

Author(s):

S Barua ◽

MJ Khan ◽

AKFH Bhuiyan ◽

MN Islam ◽

SS Islam

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Live Weight ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Concentrate Mixture ◽

The Difference ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

Different Levels

The study was undertaken to investigate the effects of concentrate supplementation with different protein levels on intake, digestibility and growth performance of Red Chittagong (RC) heifers fed urea molasses straw (UMS) based diet. Twelve RC heifers having average live weight of 124.83±43.15 kg and aged between 8 to 14 months were selected for 90 days feeding trial. Animals were divided into four groups having three animals in each and were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The experimental diets were formulated using urea molasses straw (UMS), German grass (Echinochloa grousgalli) with or without concentrate mix (having different levels of protein). All the animals received UMS ad libitum and German grass at the rate of 20% of total DM intake. In addition to UMS and German grass of control diet T0, animals on diets T1, T2 and T3 were supplied with concentrate mixture at the rate of 10% of DM intake containing 15, 20 and 25% CP, respectively. Average daily DM intake was 2.65, 3.06, 2.62 and 2.86 kg/100 kg LW for diets T0, T1, T2 and T3, respectively and the difference was non significant (P>0.05). The digestibility of DM, CP, EE, NFE and digestible nutrients (DCP, DEE and DNFE) for diets T1, T2 and T3 was significantly higher than those for diet T0. The daily average liveweight gain of RC heifers fed diets T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 100, 275, 333 and 291 g respectively (P<0.01). Concentrate mixture having 20% crude protein may be supplemented at the rate of 10% of DM intake per day for optimum growth of Red Chittagong heifers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v37i1.9861 BJAS 2008; 37(1): 10-16

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Effect of glycerin on digestibility of diets for pigs determined with different methodologies

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2803 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2803

Author(s):

Guiomar Helena Verussa ◽

Anderson Corassa ◽

Ana Paula Silva Ton ◽

Cláudia Marie Komiyama ◽

Douglas Dos Santos Pina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Block Design ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Proportional Relationship ◽

Inclusion Level

Glycerin is a by-product from the biodiesel chain whose energy value can be beneficial to pig diets. In this study, eight barrows were distributed individually into metabolic cages in a completely randomized block design. The animals were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% glycerin from soybean oil and subjected to the methods of total feces and urine collection and chromic oxide marker. We determined the digestibility coefficients (DC); the dietary levels of digestible dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), an neutral detergent fiber (NDF); digestible energy (DE); metabolizable energy (ME); and these last two variables corrected for the nitrogen content (DEn and MEn). Digestible OM values increased linearly with glycerin inclusion in the diets. The digestible CP of the diets showed an inversely proportional relationship with glycerin inclusion levels. Digestible MM decreased linearly when determined by the total collection method and quadratically when determined by the marker method. There was a linear increase in the digestible and metabolizable coefficients of energy, DE, DEn, ME and MEn of the diets as the glycerin inclusion level was increased. Inclusion of up to 15% glycerin obtained from soybean oil production increased the digestible fractions of organic matter and energy of the diets.

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PSIV-10 Preference evaluation of plant functional types grasses in calves

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.459 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 225-226

Author(s):

María A Vulliez ◽

María Bruni ◽

Ana I Trujillo ◽

Martín Durante ◽

Lucrecia Lezana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Block Design ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Functional Types ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Functional Types Of Plants ◽

Group B ◽

Cut Leaves

Abstract The functional types of plants (PFT) ecological approach could be used to link the preferences of ruminants. In order to investigate if ruminant preferences were associated with this approach, three PFT groups were evaluated. A group “B”, represented by Paspalum urvillei (PU-B), “C” by Nassella neesiana (NN-C) and Sporobolus indicus (SI-C) and “D” by Andropogon lateralis (AL-D). In a randomized block design with repeated measures over time, two independent cafeteria trials (autumn-winter, A-W, and spring-summer, S-S) were carried out in calves (n = 8 for A-W; n = 4 for S-S; BW=240–270 kg) arranged in four pens. In three sessions of ten minutes each, calves received 120–160 gDM of fresh cut leaves from the different species. Dry matter intake (DMI), nitrogen intake (NI) and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI) were measured. Data were analyzed with a mixed model that included specie and session as fixed effects and blocks as a random. The statistical analyses were performed with SAS (University Edition), data is expressed as lsmeans and was considered to differ when Tukey test presented P < 0.05. No significant differences were observed between sessions. The DMI and NI were higher in NN-C and lower in AL-D (P < 0.01) during A-W. However, in S-S, higher DMI and NI were observed in AL-D and SI-C while NN-C presented the lower DMI and NI (P < 0.01). The FDNI did not show differences in A-W meanwhile in S-S was positively associated with DMI (Table1). Interestingly, when the season changed, it was observed a change in PFT preference, in A-W calves preferred NN-C whereas in S-S preferred AL-D. However, attributes associated with preferences were maintained in both stations, for instance, higher DMI was associated with higher NI. Additional research is required on the interactions between PFT approach and the preference of animals for different species.

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Diets with chemically treated straw for beef steers: effects of rapidly fermentable carbohydrate on food utilization, growth and bacterial cellulolysis

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100018092 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 327-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. E. V. Williams ◽

C. S. Stewart ◽

A. Macdearmid ◽

A. Brewer

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Block Design ◽

Live Weight ◽

Food Utilization ◽

Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Weight Gains

ABSTRACTThe effects of level of supplemental carbohydrate from turnips and level of rumen degradable nitrogen on bacterial cellulolysis, food intake, live-weight gain and diet digestibility were examined with 36 300-kg Friesian steers allocated, in a randomized-block design, to one of six dietary treatments: (i) sodium hydroxide treated straw plus a supplement of urea (30 g urea per kg straw dry matter (DM)) (uO); (ii) uOplus turnips (23·5 g DM per kg M0·75); (Hi) uOplus a high level of turnips (47 g DM per kg M0·75); (iv) (v) and (vi), the same three diets, but with additional urea (60 g urea per kg straw DM). In two separate experiments each lasting for 56 days, the turnip allowance was given in either two feeds, or one feed per day and the straw was given to appetite. Rumen fluid was obtained by stomach tube from all steers before feeding (07·30 h) and after feeding (11.00 h) on days 10 and 24 of each experiment.Weight gains for all groups given straw plus turnips were high (> 0·90 kg/day). Increasing the quantity of turnips gave significantly increased DM intakes and weight gains but then turnips substituted for straw, and the proportion of straw consumed decreased from 0·8 to 0·6 of the dietary DM (P< 0·01) There were no significant interactions between frequency of feeding of turnips and level of urea on the variables food intake and weight gain. Fibre digestibility was not depressed by the addition of turnips to the diet. Rumen fluid pH decreased after the steers ate turnips but tended to remain above 6·7. There were no large changes in the total number of viable cellulolytic bacteria as a result of either addition of urea or turnips to the diet; counts remained in the order of 107 per ml. Steers consumed large quantities of sodium hydroxide treated straw; turnips were therefore only a small proportion of the overall DM intake with relatively little effect on bacterial cellulolysis.

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The Effect of Fish Meal Substitution with Chicken Viscera in Pig Ration on Blood and Meat Cholesterol, LDL and HDL

Advances in Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.33140/anfs/03/02/00002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Experimental Design ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Block Design ◽

Live Weight ◽

Cholesterol Content ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Pig Meat ◽

Chicken Viscera

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of substitution of fish meal with chicken viscera in the ration on cholesterol, LDL and HDL content in blood and meat of pig. Fifteen pigs crossbred of Spotted Poland Chinese and Chaster White at10-week-old with live weight of between 15 and 23 kg, put in individual cages. The treatments were R0 = fish meal 10% + 0% chicken viscera (control); R1 = 5% fish meal + chicken viscera 5%; and R2 = fish meal 0% + 10% chicken viscera. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design. The variables measured were total cholesterol, LDL, HDL content in blood and cholesterol in pig meat. The results showed that replacement fish meals at 10 % of viscera give good results on all variables measured. Based on this results it can be concluded that at 10% chicken viscera in pig ration could be improved the quality of meat of pork in terms of cholesterol content to ensure human food safety.

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Productivity and quality of Mombasa grass under fertilization with pig deep-litter and NPK

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n7p437-443 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 437-443

Author(s):

Marina da C. Guerrero ◽

Tiago R. de Sousa ◽

Saulo A. de Oliveira ◽

Rômulo R. Caldeira ◽

Adilson Pelá

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Point Of View ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Economic Point ◽

Randomized Block Design

ABSTRACT The use of pig deep-litter (PDL) in pasture fertilization can be an important alternative from an environmental and economic point of view. This study was conducted to evaluate the fertilization with PDL exclusively or in association with mineral fertilizers on the quality and productivity of Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa. The experiment was carried out in Ipameri, GO, Brazil. The design was a randomized block design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme with four repetitions, in plots of 24 m². The doses of PDL (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 Mg ha-1) were tested, with or without fertilization with NPK (50 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 10 kg ha-1 of K2O and 10 kg ha-1 of N). The organic fertilizer was applied broadcast at the planting of the pasture, and the mineral fertilizers were split and applied at planting and as topdressing. Dry mass, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were evaluated. PDL doses associated with mineral fertilization led to linear increases from 52 to 282% in the analyzed variables and better bromatological composition. PDL application is beneficial to the production of pastures, and increasing applications up to the PDL dose of 20 Mg ha-1 associated with mineral fertilization promoted better quantitative and qualitative results. With exclusive fertilization with PDL, the gains in quality and productivity were more modest.

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