Features of Clustering in Fisheries by the Example of Fisheries in the Northern Basin and the Murmansk Oblast

The purpose of the study is the rationale for creating a fisheries cluster in the Northern Basin. The analysis of the creation of classical clusters in foreign countries is carried out, information on the limited use of these structures is provided. The stages of clusterization of the fishing industry in Russia are considered. The reasons for the lack of implementation of numerous cluster projects are clarified. The main one is the refusal of fishing fleets to enter the cluster. The successful functioning of the fishery complex in the Northern Basin in the pre-market period is presented. The reasons for its destruction and the stagnation of enterprises and organizations' economies serving the main structures of the marine economic activity of fishing fleets are clarified. They are caused by a change in the structure of mining fleets, the development of uncontrolled export of fish products directly from the sea, with the departure of fishing vessels for repairs and maintenance to foreign ports. The practicality of creating a local fish cluster, the core of which will consist of fishing vessels with an incomplete cycle of processing aquatic biological resources and coastal fish processing enterprises, is justified. The proposed measures stimulate entry into the cluster. The study's practical significance lies in the creation of conditions for the deep processing of aquatic biological resources and the release of innovative fish products, as well as for the development of ship repair and other enterprises serving the fishing fleet.

PROPOSALS TO INCREASE THE NATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY OF THE NORTHERN BASIN

The factors of increasing the commercial efficiency of the fishing fleet functioning and decreasing the national economic efficiency are shown. Measures are proposed to optimize the export of fish products and increase their supply and sales in the domestic market.

Limnological Differences in a Two-Basin Lake Help to Explain the Occurrence of Anatoxin-a, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, and Microcystins

Chautauqua Lake, New York, is a two-basin lake with a deeper, cooler, and less nutrient-rich Northern Basin, and a warmer, shallower, nutrient-replete Southern Basin. The lake is populated by a complex mixture of cyanobacteria, with toxigenic strains that produce microcystins, anatoxins, and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). Samples collected from 24 sites were analyzed for these three toxin classes over four years spanning 2014–2017. Concentrations of the three toxin groups varied widely both within and between years. During the study, the mean and median concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and PSTs were 91 and 4.0 μg/L, 0.62 and 0.33 μg/L, and 32 and 16 μg/L, respectively. Dihydro-anatoxin was only detected once in Chautauqua Lake, while homo-anatoxin was never detected. The Northern Basin had larger basin-wide higher biomass blooms with higher concentrations of toxins relative to the more eutrophied Southern Basin, however blooms in the North Basin were infrequent. Chlorophyll concentrations and toxins in the two basins were correlated with different sets of environmental and physical parameters, suggesting that implementing controls to reduce toxin loads may require applications focused on more than reductions in cyanobacterial bloom density (e.g., reduction of phosphorus inputs), and that lake limnological factors and morphology are important determinants in the selection of an appropriate management strategy. Chautauqua Lake is a drinking water source and is also heavily used for recreation. Drinking water from Chautauqua Lake is unlikely to be a significant source of exposure to cyanotoxins due to the location of the intakes in the deeper North Basin, where there were generally low concentrations of toxins in open water; however, toxin levels in many blooms exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency’s recreational guidelines for exposure to cyanotoxins. Current cyanotoxin monitoring in Chautauqua Lake is focused on microcystins. However, the occurrence of blooms containing neurotoxic cyanotoxins in the absence of the microcystins indicates this restricted monitoring may not be sufficient when aiming to protect against exposure to cyanotoxins. The lake has a large number of tourist visitors; thus, special care should be taken to prevent recreational exposure within this group.

Atmospheric Forcing of the High and Low Extremes in the Sea Surface Temperature over the Red Sea and Associated Chlorophyll-a Concentration

Taking advantage of 37-year-long (1982–2018) of high-quality satellite datasets, we examined the role of direct atmospheric forcing on the high and low sea surface temperature (SST) extremes over the Red Sea (RS). Considering the importance of SST in regulating ocean physics and biology, the associated impacts on chlorophyll (Chl-a) concentration were also explored, since a small change in SST can cause a significant impact in the ocean. After describing the climate features, we classified the top 5% of SST values (≥31.5 °C) as extreme high events (EHEs) during the boreal summer period and the lowest SST values (≤22.8 °C) as extreme low events (ELEs) during the boreal winter period. The spatiotemporal analysis showed that the EHEs (ELEs) were observed over the southern (northern) basin, with a significant warming trend of 0.027 (0.021) °C year−1, respectively. The EHEs were observed when there was widespread less than average sea level pressure (SLP) over southern Europe, northeast Africa, and Middle East, including in the RS, leading to the cold wind stress from Europe being relatively less than usual and the intrusion of stronger than usual relatively warm air mass from central Sudan throughout the Tokar Gap. Conversely, EHEs were observed when above average SLP prevailed over southern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea as a result of the Azores high and westward extension of the Siberian anticyclone, which led to above average transfer of cold and dry wind stress from higher latitudes. At the same time, notably less wind stress due to southerlies that transfer warm and humid air masses northward was observed. Furthermore, physical and biological responses related to extreme stress showed distinct ocean patterns associated with each event. It was found that the Chl-a concentration anomalies over the northern basin caused by vertical nutrient transport through deep upwelling processes are the manifestation of the superimposition of ELEs. The situation was the opposite for EHEs due to the stably stratified ocean boundary layer, which is a well-known consequence of global warming.

Flood-generated hyperpycnal delta front sands of the Brora Arenaceous Formation (upper Callovian–middle Oxfordian) of the Inner Moray Firth, Scotland, record the onset of rifting

Sandstones of the Middle–Upper Jurassic Brora Arenaceous Formation of the Inner Moray Firth, NE Scotland have hitherto been interpreted as representing coastal, tidally-influenced bars. The formation is exposed close to the northern basin-bounding Helmsdale Fault, and the middle member of the formation, the Clynelish Quarry Sandstone, consists of thick, mainly structureless sandstone beds with wavy, commonly amalgamated boundaries. It also includes sandstone bodies with sigmoidal clinothems, erosional surfaces and backset beds. Rich marine faunas dominated by bivalves and ammonites occur at a few levels, whereas trace fossils are rare or absent. The Clynelish Quarry Sandstone is here reinterpreted as reflecting deposition by hyperpycnal sandy density flows in flood-generated marine, subaqueous, delta-scale clinoforms and lobes in front of local mountain streams. The reinterpretation of these sandstones implies the presence of a tectonically controlled, relatively steep basin margin along the line of the Helmsdale Fault. The Brora Arenaceous Formation thus dates the onset of Jurassic rifting in the Inner Moray Firth to the latest Callovian rather than the late Oxfordian as previously interpreted from seismic data.

NATIONAL ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NORTHERN BASIN FISHERIES

A brief analysis of the state and use of the raw material base of the Northern Basin fishery in 2010–2019 is carried out. The results of fisheriesin ib the Murmansk region in 2008-2013 under institutional conditions are presented. A financial and economic analysis of the fisheries of the Northern Basin in 2014-2018 was performed. A significant increase in prices for fish products and a decrease in the purchasing power of the population are shown. The recommendations aimed at improving the national economic efficiency of the fisheries of the Northern basin are given.

Improving the Processing of Dried Brown Algae of the Northern Basin Seas

Dried brown algae, abundant in the seas of the Northern basin, are additional sources of iodine, the lack of which affects more than two thirds of Russians. Brown algae of the Northern basin seas: sugar wrack and bady wrack, harvested in the Barents Sea were chosen as the object of the study. The use of cryoextrusion and freeze-drying will allow expanding the possibilities of brown algae processing. The use of frozen raw material allows processing it industrially far from the harvesting areas. The results presented in the paper confirm the possibility and expediency of applying cryoextrusion and freeze drying since they are advanced methods of resource-saving technology for the processing of the North basin brown algae. The modes for grinding of the frozen brown algae were developed on the basis of cryoextrusion with the use of dies with holes of ”cone-cone” type; the design of the unit is protected by a patent. The yield of ground semi-finished product obtained at different modes varies from 98.57 to 99.80% from the weight of the raw material. The resulting semi-finished product is of homogeneous structure. The use of freeze-drying, depending on the type, allows achieving the final content of product moisture from 5.24 to 10.6%.