Prediction of anemia of inflammation development in young children with acute inflammatory bacterial respiratory diseases

Background. Randomization of pathogenetic factors that determine the risk of developing anemia of inflammation in young children with acute inflammatory bacterial diseases of the respiratory system, and the creation of a mathematical model for predicting its development were the purposes of the study. Materials and methods. The study groups included 80 children, the ave­rage age of the patients was 1.6 ± 0.3 years. The basic group consisted of 40 children with acute inflammatory bacterial respiratory diseases, which, taking into account the hematological picture, was divided into two subgroups: the first subgroup — 26 children with anemia of inflammation, which was determined 4–5 days after the onset of the disease; the second subgroup — 14 children without anemia. The comparison group enrolled 20 children with iron deficiency anemia without inflammatory manifestations. The control group consisted of 20 apparently healthy children. To identify the signs that are most associated with the development of anemia of inflammation, the method of factor analysis was used. The basis of modeling for the selection of factor complexes was the Spearman correlation matrix with the subsequent determination of the factor loading. The analysis of the prognostic significance of individual signs as risk factors for the development of anemia of inflammation in young children with acute inflammatory bacterial respiratory diseases was carried out based on calculating the relative risk (RR) index in 2 x 2 contingency tables with the determination of 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and Pearson’s χ2 test. The most significant factors included informative signs with an RR value of more than 1.0. To predict the probability of developing anemia of inflammation, the method of binary logistic regression was used. Results. The factorial analysis results demonstrated five factors that have eigenvalues greater than 1.0 and describe 70.5 % of the total dispersion of the variables. Factor 1, the “factor of iron metabolism”, described 21.5 % of the total variance and included 2 variables: the number of red blood cells and the level of hepcidin. Factor 2, the “anemia factor”, described 14.6 % of the total dispersion and included hemoglobin levels. Factor 3, “oxidative stress factor”, described 12.7 % of the total dispersion and included 2 variables: nitrotyrosine content and IL-6 level. Factor 4, the “pro-inflammatory factor”, described 12.2 % of the total dispersion and included data on phospholipase A2 content and the severity of the inflammatory disease. Factor 5, “iron deposition factor”, described 8.9 % of the total dispersion and included ferritin level data. At the next stage, calculating the RR index, we identified five risk factors that have the greatest influence on the development of anemia of inflammation: ferritin content (≥ 73.2 ± 4.6 ng/ml), the presence of gram-negative microflora as a bacterial agent that caused the development of inflammatory diseases, the presence of febrile fever in the patient, repeated episode of inflammatory disease, hepcidin level (≥ 1.9 ± 0.11 ng/ml). Conclusions. Based on the results of the conducted factor analysis, a prognostic model was formed for the development of anemia of inflammation in young children with acute inflammatory bacterial respiratory diseases. According to the results of factor analysis, it was found that the leading contribution to the pathogenesis of the development of anemia of inflammation was made by disorders of iron metabolism against the background of the inflammatory process, including the processes of iron deposition; oxidative stress, and interleukin-6. It is advisable to use certain risk factors and the results of predictive modeling regarded to the group of high risk of developing anemia of inflammation in young children with acute inflammatory bacterial respiratory di­seases.

Factor structure of the complex preparedness of young football players 12-13 years old

Purpose: to determine the factor structure of the complex readiness of young football players 12-13 years old based on the level of development of physical qualities, mastery of technical elements and indicators of psychophysiological functions. Material and methods. Participants: 48 football players 12-13 years old participated in the study of the sports club “Kolos”, Kharkiv, Ukraine. All children started to play football in the age of 10-11, that is, the duration of football classes was 1-2 years. Research methods. The following data were determined: indicators of the level of physical preparedness, indicators of the level of technical preparedness, indicators of the psychophysiological functional state. The structure of complex preparedness was determined using factor analysis (SPSS-17, Dimension Redaction - Factor; Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis; Varimax with Kaiser Normalization). Results. In the structure of complex training of young football players aged 12-13, 4 main factors were identified: 1 - "Speed-power and technical training" (30.36% of the total dispersion); 2 - "Attention switching" (20.7% of the total variance); 3 - "Sensitivity of the nervous system" (15.4% of the total dispersion); 4 - "Mobility of the nervous system" (13.9% of the total dispersion). Conclusions. Speed and strength, technical training in combination with switching of attention and mobility of the nervous system are dominated in the structure of complex training of young football players aged 12-13. The obtained data create conditions for recommendations in the training process of young football players aged 12-13 increase the number of exercises that require the development of speed and strength, technical training in combination with exercises to switch attention.

RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING DIABETIC MYOPATHY IN CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Aim of study: to determine the pathogenetic factors that have an impact on the development of diabetic myopathy in children with DM1, to investigate the structure of the factors. The observation group included 136 children 14.3 ± 0.3 years old who have been suffering from DM1 for 1 to 10 years. Diagnosed diabetic myopathy in 45 (33.1%) patients (19 (24.4%) boys and 25 (44.8%) girls). By factor analysis, 5 factors were identified that are of leading importance in the pathogenesis of the development of diabetic myopathy in children with DM1. These factors accounted for 73.33% of the total dispersion. The first rank place was represented by the group factor (nitrotyrosine and homocysteine), which accounted for 19.54% of the total dispersion; interpreted as a factor of "oxidative stress". The second rank place was represented by the content of triglyceride in the blood serum and the level of the triglyceride-glucose complex, which amounted to 16.69% of the total dispersion; interpreted as "insulin resistance factor". The third rank place was interpreted as "the state of peripheral blood supply", which accounted for 13.93% of the total variance, and included the indicators of the ankle-brachial index before and after exercise stress. The fourth rank place was interpreted as an "anamnestic factor", which accounted for 12.04% of the total dispersion, and included three risk factors: age, sex of the patient, and duration of DM1. The fifth factor ("inflammation factor") included the indicators of glycosylated hemoglobin and interleukin-6, and demonstrates the development of chronic low-level inflammation against the background of hyperglycemia. Thus, using factor analysis, we determined that oxidative stress, insulin resistance, impaired peripheral circulation, duration of diabetes mellitus, female sex, chronic hyperglycemia, increased activity of proinflammatory cytokines had a priority effect on the pathogenesis of diabetic myopathy. We have formed a factorial model that will optimize the diagnosis of diabetic myopathy, improve approaches to its therapy and prevention, identifying among children with DM1 the risk group for the development and progression of this complication.

The innovative activity of enterprises and national economy growth: Ukraine, Poland

In the contemporary world, the sustainable development of national economies is impossible without the timely and high-quality implementation of innovation. The prompt use of innovations is considered to be the key to obtaining and maintaining both new and existing competitive advantages of both individual enterprises and the economy in general. This study aims to determine the dependence of national economic growth (based on the example of Ukraine and Poland) on the innovative activities of enterprises and innovative policies of governments, as well as the development of the improvement offers concerning the innovative policy of Ukraine based on international experience. The impact of innovation indicators on the level of GDP per capita in Ukraine and Poland over the period from 2000 to 2018 has been studied in the article. The most important factors of influence on the GDP per capita, through multivariate statistical analysis and regression analysis, were identified from the list of indicators of innovation activity, and the regression equation was constructed. For Ukraine, such factors are the “innovativeness of enterprises” (that explains the 34.19% of total dispersion), the “innovative inputs” (that explains the 17.11% of dispersion) factors and factor of “financing and implementation of innovations” (that explains 27.8% of the total dispersion). For Poland, the factor of “innovative activity” explains 44.35% of dispersion, and the factor of “innovative actions” explains 38.47% of total dispersion. Moreover, the suggestions involving innovation policy development of Ukraine are provided.

Exact Dispersion Study of an Asymmetric Thin Planar Slab Dielectric Waveguide without Computing d2βdk2${{{d^2}\beta} \over {d{k^2}}}$ Numerically

Waveguide dispersion can be tailored but not the material dispersion. Hence, the total dispersion can be shifted at any desired band by adjusting the waveguide dispersion. Waveguide dispersion is proportional to

Changing Patterns of Engagement in the Transition to High School

The authors examine changes in the level and dispersion of student engagement across the transition to high school. Changes in the total dispersion in engagement among all students, as well as divergence in engagement between students of differing gender, race, socioeconomic background, and initial levels of achievement are reported.

Changing Patterns of Engagement in the Transition to High School

The authors examine changes in the level and dispersion of student engagement across the transition to high school. Changes in the total dispersion in engagement among all students, as well as divergence in engagement between students of differing gender, race, socioeconomic background, and initial levels of achievement are reported.

Electromigration dispersion in a capillary in the presence of electro-osmotic flow

The differential migration of ions in an applied electric field is the basis for the separation of chemical species by capillary electrophoresis. Axial diffusion of the concentration peak limits the separation efficiency. Electromigration dispersion is observed when the concentration of sample ions is comparable to that of the background ions. Under such conditions, the local electrical conductivity is significantly altered in the sample zone making the electric field, and, therefore, the ion migration velocity, concentration dependent. The resulting nonlinear wave exhibits shock-like features and, under certain simplifying assumptions, is described by Burgers’ equation (Ghosal & Chen Bull. Math. Biol., vol. 72, 2010, p. 2047). In this paper, we consider the more general situation where the walls of the separation channel may have a non-zero zeta potential and are therefore able to sustain an electro-osmotic bulk flow. The main result is a one-dimensional nonlinear advection diffusion equation for the area averaged concentration. This homogenized equation accounts for the Taylor–Aris dispersion resulting from the variation in the electro-osmotic slip velocity along the wall. It is shown that in a certain range of parameters, the electro-osmotic flow can actually reduce the total dispersion by delaying the formation of a concentration shock. However, if the electro-osmotic flow is sufficiently high, the total dispersion is increased because of the Taylor–Aris contribution.