THEMATIC GROUPS OF ENGLISH TERMS OF THE SPECIALIZED LANGUAGE OF THE U. S. HIGHER EDUCATION

The article, based on a systematic approach, highlights the author's thematic groups of English-language terminological units of the specialized language of higher education in the United States. An attempt has been made to comprehend on the scholarly basis the correlation between the concepts of “thematic group” and “lexical-semantic group”. It is noted that the thematic classification of lexical units, which is the most common way of combining words, is bgrounded on the internal connections of objects and phenomena of reality, and is determined by the subject-logical features and common functional purpose of these units. Thematic groups of one or another branch terminological system can contain several nuclear lexical-semantic groups, and their units are characterized by a clear differentiation of features. It is emphasized that in interpreting the concept of thematic group, modern linguistics aims to determine the ways and features of semantic development (extralinguistic aspects) not of individual words, but of groups of lexems that have one semantic orientation. A thematic group is a group of words that includes words selected and combined on the basis of common subject-logical connections, and these words are the same parts of speech; or words from other parts of speech, needed to reveal a common theme. In the process of systematic study of English terminology of the U. S. higher education at the conceptual level, the terms are distributed by the author in a certain order – built subject-matter classification, which results in combining terms into thematic groups. Thematic classification involves a clear, logically sound organization of terminological vocabulary. The classification of the terminology of American higher education is based on determining its content, establishing the scope of semantics of each term, its concept that is combined with other terminological units in a single terminology system of the U. S. higher education.

MEANS OF SYNTACTIC COMPRESSION IN ENGLISH TEXTS ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND METHODS OF THEIR TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN

The article is devoted to the analysis of syntactic compression means and methods of their translation; study of frequency of syntactic compression means use and frequency of their translation methods application on the material of mechanical engineering texts. The research material is syntactic units of language selected from the mechanical engineering texts, demonstrating the use of syntactic compression, and their translation into Ukrainian. Examples were selected from the manuals on mechanical engineering, operating instructions for various devices, bilingual sites of international engineering companies such as SKF and DENSO. The results of our study showed that the most productive means of syntactic compression in the mechanical engineering texts are the infinitive (27%), gerund (18%), and adjective (16%). Less productive means of syntactic compression are ellipsis (11%), replacement (10%), syntactic reduction (9%) and nominalization (9%). A study of ways to translate English compressed structures in the mechanical engineering texts, depending on the syntactic compression means used, showed that most often the infinitive is translated by a complex sentence of the goal (65.4%), and least often – a complex sentence of cause and effect); the most frequent way of translating an adjective is a complex sentence with attribute (72.8%), the least frequent – unfolding (1.2%); gerund in these texts is most often translated by replacing parts of speech (78.7%), least often – a complex sentence of mode of action (1.1%); the most typical way of translating an ellipse is unfolding (80%), the least frequent ways of an ellipse translating are complex sentences of purpose (1.7%), time (1.7%) and admission (1.7%); nominalization is most often translated by a complex sentence of the goal (40.7%), least often – a complex sentence with attribute (1.9%); the most frequent way of translating syntactic reduction in the texts of mechanical engineering is unfolding (89.4%), the least frequent – explanatory translation (10.6%); replacement is most often translated by unfolding (75.5%), and the least often – explanatory translation (24.5%). Keywords: speech compression; syntactic compression; syntactic compression means; compressed structures; translation methods; mechanical engineering texts.

MARKERS OF THE AUTHOR'S AND TRANSLATOR'S IDIOSYNCRASY (BASED ON JOSEPH CONRAD'S NOVEL "NOSTROMO: A SEASIDE TALE" AND ITS UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION BY OLENA O'LIR)

The article is devoted to the topical issue of defining the characteristic features of the author's individual style in a literary text and the peculiarities of their reproduction in translation by means of translation tactics, techniques and transformations in order to preserve the author`s stylistic markers, convey the author’s message to a recipient through the lens of cultural, linguistic and stylistic adaptation arising from the differences between the language of the original text and the language of translation, paying due regard to the specifics of translator’s individual writing style.

PERCEPTIONS OF PRIMARY AND HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS ON THE USE OF MOTHER TONGUE IN EFL CLASSES

Whether the mother tongue (L1) should be included or excluded in foreign language classes has been debated by researchers and there is no consensus on this controversial issue. However, most of the studies are conducted on the tertiary level, and there is very few on the primary & secondary levels. Therefore, this study explores the perspectives of English teachers working in primary schools in comparison to high schools affiliated with national education. It also investigates for which language skills both of those groups find the use of mother tongue (Turkish) relatively effective and their justification behind the use of L1 in their classes in which English is taught as a foreign language. A total of 30 primary and 30 high school teachers working in Usak participated the study voluntarily. The study has employed mixed-method and data was collected through a questionnaire developed by Kuru and Tekin (2019). Moreover, semi structured interviews were conducted to obtain qualitative data with randomly selected primary school (8) and high school teachers (8). By means of SPSS, descriptive statistics were conducted and qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings of the quantitative data indicated that majority of both primary and high school teachers support the use of mother tongue in EFL classes. Additionally, there is no significance difference between the perceptions of primary school and high school teachers regarding the use of L1. Finally, results of the qualitative data advocate the findings of the quantitative data.

SPECIFICITY OF TRANSLATION OF LINGUOSTYLISTIC MEANS OF CREATING NARRATIVE SUSPENSE IN ENGLISH HORROR LITERATURE

The scientific paper is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the specifics of the translation of linguo-stylistic features of creating narrative tension in the English-language horror literature. Features of creating narrative tension in the horror literature is one of the relevant topics for linguistic research, as horror literature is becoming increasingly popular. The aim of the article is to identify and analyze the specifics of the translation of linguo-stylistic features of creation of narrative tension in the English-language horror literature. Using the novel “It” by American writer of the genre “horror” Stephen King and its Ukrainian translation as the example, the specifics of translation of linguo-stylistic features of creating narrative tension at various levels of language in translating English horror literature into modern Ukrainian literary language were also analyzed and characterized. The study revealed a wide range of linguo-stylistic features at different language levels that help create narrative tension in the text of the horror genre, which contributes to the emergence of readers' interest in the narrative and the emergence of a range of emotions. The research considers examples of the use of linguo-stylistic features of creating narrative tension in the work of the horror genre and analyzes the specifics of their translation into Ukrainian. Keywords: narrative tension; specific of translation of the literature of horror; linguistic-stylistic features of creation of the tension; specificity of translation of linguistic-stylistic features; literature of horror; linguistic-stylistic features.

THE CONCEPT OF “TOLERANCE” IN LEXICO-SEMANTIC, COGNITIVE-DISCURSIVE, SEMIOTIC AND LINGUOCULTURAL ASPECTS

The article is devoted to the study of lexico-semantic, cognitive-discursive, semiotic and linguocultural aspects of the concept “TOLERANCE”. The aim of the study is to analyze the features of the concept in the above-mentioned aspects in modern political discourse. Analyzing the concept of “TOLERANCE” in lexical and semantic aspects of dictionary definitions, we can determine that there are mainly four ways to understand it: 1) indifference to the existence of different views; 2) the impossibility of mutual understanding; 3) indulgence to the weakness of others in combination with a certain dose of contempt for them; 4) expanding one's own experience and critical dialogue. In our opinion, the first three methods have negative connotations. The concept “TOLERANCE” reveals the cognitive side of language, which expresses the diverse characteristics of human beings, their qualities, cognitive abilities, humanism in terms of ethnocultural relations. However, the position of the ambiguity and emotional coloring of this phenomenon is unique, often depending on the perception in a particular cultural conceptosphere. The typology of tolerance is based on the main criterion - moral potential, the presence or absence of a moral basis in a particular direction of tolerance. The vector of tolerance allows to attribute the components of the concept of “TOLERANCE” from a semiotic point of view to palliative or constructive. Based on the study, we can conclude that the three components of the concept “TOLERANCE” have a negative connotation and a palliative vector that closes the way to dialogue (tolerance as indifference, tolerance as impossibility of understanding, tolerance as indulgence), and only one component can be characterized as a such that has a constructive orientation, moral potential - tolerance as an extension of one's own experience and critical dialogue. The linguistic and cultural aspect of the concept “TOLERANCE“ is that in different languages ​​this concept is different and has its own specifics of verbalization. In modern English and Ukrainian, the concept of “TOLERANCE” retains an ambivalent meaning: it can be replaced by the word “acceptable” (to someone else's way of life, behavior, customs, feelings, thoughts, ideas, beliefs). Tolerance is the willingness to accept and acknowledge the behavior, beliefs, and attitudes of others that are different from one's own, even if the beliefs are not shared but are accepted as having a right to exist.

TERMINOLOGICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION IN HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION

The article considers health care terminology in the cognitive aspect of professional knowledge cognition and conceptualization by an expert. We apply the notion of frame semantics as the linguistics method introduced by Charles Fillmore as the model of professional cognition in the process of professional communication. So the aim of our research is to illustrate cognition in science from the point of conceptualization of professional terminology and health care terminology in particular. The frame that marks the conceptual structure of a health care terminology is also the issue of our analysis. Following these approaches, the study of health care terms takes into account the frame semantics and its role in cognition and afterwards the nomination of professional knowledge in health care. Since concept represents the basic units of processing, storage and transfer of knowledge - therefore, one of the main properties of the frame is the categorical nature of the knowledge organization i.e., formation in the concept a phenomenon, an object, symptoms of a particular diseases, and modeling its relationship with other units of professional knowledge. Thus, the method of frame analysis was also used to study the texts of health care, which consists in modeling the concept by combining different types of basic frames: subject, action, possessive, taxonomic, and comparative.

GENDER DIFFERENCE IN LANGUAGE USE AND LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN ONLINE FACEBOOK POSTS OF UKRAINIAN MIGRANTS IN GERMANY

This article studies the gender difference in language use and language attitudes of Ukrainian communities in Germany in online social media. Since 2014, the conflict in the East of Ukraine has led to a remarkably intense flow of Ukrainian migrants to Western Europe giving rise to longstanding issues of identity formation, language use, and attitudes both within Ukraine and inside Ukrainian diaspora communities. This article will examine the Ukrainian diaspora in Germany on the subject of language ideologies, language use, and attitudes by analyzing its linguistic online activity. To do so, our analysis will draw on a range of interdisciplinary methodologies, including studies of linguistic identity positioning, gender in migration, imagined migrant communities, and studies of discursive constructions of nationhood, which explore language indexing in relation to national identity.

ELECTRONIC THESAURUS ON TRANSLATION STUDIES AS DATA MINING TOOL

У статті представлено результати експерименту зі впорядкування електронного тезаурусу перекладознавчих термінів, що підготовлено у рамках практичних занять з перекладної комп’ютерної лексикографії і термінографії. Тезаурус поповнюється термінами з галузі перекладознавства українською, іспанською і португальською мовами. Потреба в упорядкуванні тезарусу продиктована значною невпорядкованістю перекладознавчої термінології, відсутністю дефініції для використовуваних термінів або ж суттєвими розбіжностями між наявними дефініціями. Тезарус дозволяє добувати такі парадигматичні характеристики терміна: гіперонім, гіпонім, меронім, голонім, причина, наслідок, характеризація та інші. З-поміж синтагматичних характеристик терміна у тезаурусі надаються прикметникові і дієслівні колокації. Перші можуть пролити світло на якісні характеристики явища/предмета, позначуваного терміном; другі здатні охарактеризувати дії, виконувані предметом або ж дії, впливу яких зазнає цей предмет. Отже, семантична парадигма терміна ґрунтується переважно на його зв’язках з іншими термінами; частково парадигматичні відношення можуть бути виведені з його синтагматичних характеристик: прикметникові колокації терміна закономірно вказують на його гіпоніми. Характеризація терміна за вказаними характеристиками (зокрема, гіперонім, а також інші суттєві семи: причина, наслідок, меронім, голонім та інші) можуть бути використані для розробки дефініції терміна за інтенсіоналом. На підставі зв’язків між тезарурсними статтями можуть генеруватися нові знання, зокрема, завдяки транзитивності більшості тезаурусних функцій можуть автоматично створюватися ланцюги тезаурусних зв’язків; завдяки інверсійному пошуку можна знаходити не лише статті, в якій вихідний термін зазначено у лемі, а й його вживання у глосі й відповідні семантичні зв’язки з іншими термінами.

VOCALIC SYSTEM OF THE NORTH-EASTERN DIALECT OF ENGLAND WITHIN THE PERIOD OF 1990-2000

The article presents the experimental study results of the specificity of the deviations in the vocalic system registered in the pronunciation of the English north-eastern dialect speakers within the period of 1990-2000 years. With the regard to the current tendencies of including dialect not only to the scope of geographic dialectology but also to the scope of sociolinguistics, as well as aiming to provide the detailed study of functionality characteristics of any dialect and the north-eastern dialect of England as a such it was decided to analyse the vocalic system present in the speech of the local men and women who represent different socio-cultural level within the period of 1990-2000. Moreover, it was proven that the period of 1990-2000 is crucial for the development of the dialect under study, since the end of the XXth century witnessed major changes in the development of the society.The nomenclature of segmental units of the north-eastern dialect vocalic system was determined by means of auditory and comparative analyses of segmental phonetic units’ deviations from the orthoepic norm of the English language. The article also presents the percentage rates of the mentioned deviations actualizations as well as gives a graphical interpretation of the quantitative relation between the specific types of deviations in the vowel system and the speakers’ socio-cultural level (high, middle, low) and their sex (the speakers were represented by females and males in the age from 16 to 80 years old). The formed frequency rate matrixes of such deviations show that the social changes which took place in the Northern East of England within the period of 1990-2000 strongly influence the tendency shift of speech standardization among speakers with high and middle socio-cultural levels.