Analysis of contraceptive behavior of female athletes of reproductive age

The article presents the materials of a large-scale study devoted to the study of the contraceptive behavior of female athletes of reproductive age, representing different sports. It has been established that the most commonly used types of contraception, in all age categories, are: interrupted intercourse, spermicides, barrier contraception (male condoms), hormonal patches. The most rarely used are hormonal contraception (single-phase and three-phase combined oral contraceptives) and intrauterine contraception. It has been established that the choice of a particular type of contraception among athletes is determined by such leading factors as sexual activity, frequency of sexual contacts, the number of sexual partners, the presence or absence of a family and marriage.

Awareness and Acceptance of Contraceptive Methods among Women of reproductive age attending Gynae Out-Patient Clinic, at a tertiary care hospital in western Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background: India is the second-most populous country in the world. Appropriate knowledge and usage of contraception are important. Objective: This cross-sectional observational study was done to assess the awareness and usage of different methods of contraception among women of reproductive age group. Material and methods: Six hundred women between age groups of 18-45 years, attending Gynae OPD at SIMS, Hapur were interviewed with the help of a predesigned questionnaire from May 2019 to January 2020. Women having medical disorders were excluded. Results: Among 600 women, 52.5% were between 21 to 30 years of age. 81.2% had parity equal to or more than two. 86% of women were of rural origin & 66.5% belonged to the Muslim community. 85.3% women were aware of barrier contraception, 81% were aware of natural methods, 47.7% knew about IUCD & 57.5% were aware of OCP’s. 78.2% were aware of permanent methods of family planning. 96.3% of women were aware of at least one method of contraception. Only 37.4% of women were using contraception. There was a statistical difference among the rural and urban populations for awareness and usage of contraception. Conclusion: Despite awareness of contraception, in our study population, the acceptance of contraception was low, in comparison to many studies. Fear of side effects is the most common reason for less usage.

Choice of postpartum contraception and its socio-demographic and cultural determinants

Background: Postpartum contraception is essential for avoidance of unwanted pregnancy and for adequate spacing between two pregnancies. There are many socio demographic and cultural factors that influence the choice of contraception in rural community in India. Third trimester of pregnancy is ideal time for counselling the women regarding breast feeding and contraception. The objective of the present study was to find out the choice of postpartum contraception among antenatal women and the socio demographic and cultural determinants that influence this choice.Methods: Six hundred pregnant women were interviewed regarding their choice of postpartum contraception during their antenatal visit in third trimester of pregnancy, using a pre-validated and pre-tested brief questionnaire. The choices were compiled and analysed to draw conclusions.Results: Postpartum sterilization was choice of 30% of multiparous women. Primi-parous women either opted for barrier contraception like condom (10%), intrauterine contraception (9%) or oral steroidal pills (8%). The progesterone injectable contraceptives and centchroman each were chosen by 2% respondents. There was strong influence of education, parity, sex of the living children on the choice of contraception. It was observed that 40% of women did not want to use hormonal pills and intrauterine contraceptives due to strong age old misbelieves associated with them.Conclusions: Women in rural area prefer permanent method of contraception in the form of tubectomy operation after having desired number of children. There is insufficient spacing between pregnancies due to either non-use of contraception or inconsistent use of temporary method of contraception. More than 50% women are dependent on the husband regarding the choice and practice of contraception. The level of education of woman, age at marriage, socio economic class, desired sex combination of children are strong determinants of choice of contraception.

Clinical and epidemiological features of papillomavirus infection manifestations on the example of cervical cancer and genital warts

Background: Cervical cancer and genital warts (GWs) are some of the most common manifestations of human papillomavirus infection (HPV). These lesions cause significant damage to the reproductive health of the population, which leads to increased attention to the prevention of HPV infection among various population groups. Aims: To determine the clinical and epidemiological features of the HPV manifestations by the example of cervical cancer and genital warts. Methods: A retrospective analysis of anamnestic information of 115 women with an established diagnosis of cervical cancer and 177 patients with an established diagnosis of GWs was performed. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with diagnoses of GWs and cervical cancer were based on the development of outpatient admission cards and inpatient histories, as well as test data for HPV. Results: HPV 16 was the most common HPV type among patients with GWs and cervical cancer ― it was detected in 37.6% of cases. Also the most frequently encountered: HPV 6/18/11/31/51/52. In 43.2% cases of HPV detection, two or more types were detected at once, the most common combinations: HPV16 and HPV18, HPV6 and HPV16, HPV6 and HPV11. Analysis of the frequency of screening for cervical cancer and visits to the gynecologist for 5 years before establishing the diagnosis showed that among those who did not screen for cervical cancer, the risk of diagnosing stage IIIV was 5.2 times higher than among individuals who underwent cervical screening 2 years ago, or once a year for the last five years. Among patients with GWs who had 2 or more sexual partners for 1 year, 13.5% of patients regularly used barrier contraception methods (condoms) during sexual contact, not regularly ― 61.5%, did not use them at all ― 25.0%. Conclusions: Identifying the clinical and epidemiological features of HPV infection should contribute to the development of new and optimize existing prevention programs for a wide range of HPV-associated diseases.

Tamoxifen Exposure during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Three More Cases

Tamoxifen is frequently used as adjuvant treatment in premenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer. According to guidelines, the use of nonhormonal barrier contraception is recommended during tamoxifen treatment and up to 3 months after its interruption prior to attempting conception. Nevertheless, when conception occurs inadvertently during tamoxifen treatment, the effects on the fetus and on the course of pregnancy are still not completely known. Here, we report 3 cases of young women who accidentally became pregnant while taking tamoxifen and perform a systematic review of the literature to provide more elements for better and clear multidisciplinary counselling of women facing this challenging situation.

Barrier contraception methods

Barrier contraceptive methods are the oldest type of reversible contraception still available. They work by preventing the egg and the sperm coming into contact with one another, thereby preventing fertilisation. Some barrier contraceptive methods have the added benefit of preventing transmission of sexual infections. The main types of barrier contraceptives are the male and female condoms, diaphragms and cervical caps. This article aims to provide an overview of the different barrier methods for contraception, their efficacy, and advantages and disadvantages.